The Toxic Metal connection to ADD, Aggressiveness,
Impulsivity, Violence, Delinquency, Criminality, and Mass murderers/Serial
killers B. Windham
(Ed) -Chemical Engineer
A recent
study released by the National Academy of Sciences found that 50% of children
born in the
Studies have found that heavy metals such as mercury, cadmium, lead,
aluminum, nickel, and tin affect chemical synaptic transmission in the brain
and the peripheral and central nervous system(19,24,37-41,43,56,57,154). They also have been found to disrupt brain
and cellular calcium levels that significantly affect many body functions: such
as (a) calcium levels in the brain affecting cognitive development and
degenerative CNS diseases(5,28,43,74) and (b) calcium-dependent
neurotransmitter release which results in depressed levels of serotonin, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine (5,19,28,46,47,83,110,43)
- related to mood and motivation. Some
factors that have been documented in affective disorders, impulsiveness, and
violent behavior are low serotonin levels, abnormal glucose
tolerance(hypoglycemia), low folate levels, and low chromium levels(126-130,115), which
mercury and other toxic metals have also been found to be a cause
of(43,81,A).
Toxic metals have also been found to affect cell
membrane permeability and thus cellular transfer and levels of other important
minerals and nutrients that have significant neurological and health effects
such as magnesium, lithium, zinc, iron, Vitamins B-6 & B12 (5,27,43,46,75,83).
Based on thousands of hair tests, at least 20 % of Americans are
deficient in magnesium and lithium(5,68,76,83), with
zinc deficiencies also common. The
resulting deficiency
of such essential nutrients caused by toxic metal exposure has
been shown to increase toxic metal neurological damage(5,43,74,75,83). Cerebrospinal magnesium was found to be significantly lower in both
depression and adjustment disorder and in those who have attempted
suicide(166).
A
direct mechanism involving mercury’s inhibition of cellular enzymatic processes
by binding with the hydroxyl radical(SH) in amino acids appears to be a major
part of the connection to these neurological and immune reactive
conditions(81,83,89-91,97,105,43b). For example mercury has been found to
strongly inhibit the activity of xanthine oxidase and dipeptyl peptidase
(DPP IV) which are required in the digestion of the milk protein
casein(89,91,93,43b), and the same protein that is cluster
differentiation antigen 26 (CD26) which
helps T lymphocyte activation. CD26 or DPPIV is a cell surfact
glycoprotein that is very susceptible to inactivation by mercury binding to its
cysteinyl domain. Mercury and other toxic metals also inhibit
binding of opioid receptor agonists to opioid receptors, while magnesium stimulates binding to opioid receptors(89). Studies
involving a large sample of autistic and schizophrenic patients found that over
90 % of those tested had high levels of the milk protein beta-casomorphine-7 in
their blood and urine and defective enzymatic processes for digesting milk
protein(92,93,83), and similarly for the corresponding enzyme needed to digest
wheat gluten(92,94). The studies found high levels of Ig
A antigen specific antibodies for casein, lactalbumin and beta-lactoglovulin
and IgG and IgM for
casein. Beta-casomorphine-7 is a morphine like
compound that results in neural dysfunction (92), Similarly many also had a corresponding form
of gluten protein(94). This likewise is related to ADD, mania, and
other neurological conditions.
Due to the large number
of vaccinations that are now containing mercury thimerosal, most children have
been documented to receive mercury exposure far above the government health
guideline for mercury, and the number of causes of autism has increased over
600% in the last decade[81,A,43b]. Other
pervasive developmental disorders(PDD) have also
increased significantly with well over 20% of children having ADD, dyslexia, or
mood disorders[A]. Research on
manic patients, on the other hand, has revealed elevated vanadium in the hair‑‑significantly
higher levels than those measured in both a control group and a group of
recovered manic patients(84)
Much of the developmental effects of mercury(and other toxic metals) are due to prenatal and
neonatal exposures damage to the developing endocrine(hormonal)
system(155). Other agents including
mercury are known to accumulate in endocrine system organs such as the
pituitary gland, thyroid, and hypothallamous and to
alter hormone levels and endocrine system development during crucial periods of
development(33,37,43,27,109). Such effects are usually permanent and affect
the individual throughout their life.
Some of the documented effects of exposure to toxic metals include
significant learning and behavioral disabilities, mental retardation, autism,
etc. But even some of the relatively
subtle effects that have been found to occur such as small decreases in IQ,
attention span, and connections to delinquency and violen ce, if they occur in relatively large numbers over a
lifetime can have potentially serious consequences for individuals as well as
for society(37,41,42). Prenatal and
neonatal toxic metal exposure to
mercury, lead, arsenic, cadmium, nickel, and aluminum have been
documented in medical publications and medical texts to cause common and
widespread neurological and psychological effects including depression,
anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorders, social deficits, other mood disorders,
schizophrenia, anorexia, cognitive impairments, ADHD, autism, seizures, etc.
(152-155,113-115,43,49). High aluminum levels have been found to be related
to encephalopathies and dementia (49,15). Scores for tension, depression, anger, fatigue and
confusion in workers exposed to aluminum for more than ten years were
significantly more than those in non-exposed controls(49).
High lead, copper, manganese, or
mercury levels have been found to be associated with attention deficit
hyperactivity disorder(ADHD), impulsivity, anger, aggression, inability to inhibit inappropriate
responding, juvenile delinquency, and criminality (19,20a,21,61,83,122,
133,136,145,151-155,160,43). It has
been found that excess levels of copper can cause violent behavior in children(124,115). A study that investigated the effects of
zinc and copper on the behavior of schizophrenic patients by comparing blood
zinc and copper levels in criminal and noncriminal
schizophrenic patients found criminal subjects have significantly lower zinc
levels and signif. higher
copper levels than non-criminal subjects(165).
Likewise
mercury has been found to be a factor in anger and mood disorders
(135,133,153-155,160,A). Occupational mercury exposure has been found
to cause depression, anxiety, anger, antisocial behavior, and aggressiveness(160).
Manganese toxicity has long been known to be associated with impulsive
and violent behavior(37,61a,134,151). The most common
significant source of high manganese neonatal exposure is from soy infant
formulas, which typically have very high levels of manganese(151,156). Lead has been the subject of extensive
research documenting its relation to all of these conditions and juvenile delinquency(19-21,61,151,A). Based on a national sample of children, there is a
significant assoc. of lead body burden with aggressive behavior, crime,
juvenile delinquency, behavioral problems(62b). After adjustment for covariates and interactions
and removal of noninfluential covariates, adjudicated
delinquents were four times more likely to have bone lead concentrations greater
than 25 parts per million(ppm) than controls(21a).
One
mechanism by which mercury has been found to be a factor in aggressiveness and
violence is its documented inhibition of the brain neurotransmitter acetylcholinesterase (5,19,28,44-47,43,83,
110).
Glutathione and N-acetylcysteine(NAC) have been found to have a strongly protective effect
on peroxynitrite’s adverse effect on acetylcholine
levels(137), as induced by mercury. Low
serotonin levels and/or hypoglycemia have also been found in the majority of
those with impulsive and violent behavior(127,128,155,115).
Inhibition of cholinesterase activity in the brain was also found to be
associated with toxic metals and pesticides relation to aggressive and violent behavior(110,etc.).
Studies have found evidence that
abnormal metal and trace elements affected by metal exposure appear to
be a factor associated with aggressive or violent behavior(37,60-63,
110,113,115,123,136,21), and that hair trace metal analyses may be a useful
tool for identifying those prone to such behavior. Another series of studies found abnormal
trace metal concentrations to be associated with violent-prone individuals
including elevated serum copper and depressed plasma zinc(115).
A group with
a history of assaultive and violent-prone behavior
had significantly higher median Cu/Zn ratio than for controls. Assaultive, violent-prone individuals usually have abnormal
trace-metal concentrations, including elevated serum copper and depressed
plasma zinc(115b).
Similar
tests in the
Three studies in the California prison system
found those in prison for violent activity had significantly higher levels of
hair manganese than controls(61,37), and studies of an area in Australia with
much higher levels of violence as well as autopsies of several mass murderers
also found high levels of manganese to be a common factor(37,134b,115a). Such violent behavior has long been known in
those with high manganese exposure. Other
studies in the
Studies at the Argonne
National Laboratory found that the majority of delinquents and criminals had
high metals levels such as cadmium and lead, and to fall into 2
categories. One group with high copper
and low zinc, sodium potassium tended to have extreme tempers, while another
group with low zinc and copper, but high sodium and potassium tended to be sociopathic(115). But it was found that treatment of delinquent
or violent prone individuals for metals related problems including nutritional therapy usually
produced significant improvements in mood, violent behavior, and functionality-
with complete cure in the majority of cases (115,119,120). In studies at juvenile delinquency centers,
nutritional therapy reduced antisocial and violent behavior by over 50%(120,115). Toxic
metals detoxification and nutritional treatment have also been found to be
effective in recovery from autism, ADD, PDD conditions(81,43,114), and in
cases of abnormal glucose tolerance/hypoglycemia (130,115a).
Manganese can downregulate serotonin function, reducing sociability and
increasing aggressiveness or depression.
Excess manganese exposure
reduces dopamine levels which can result in violent behavior. Higher levels of
manganese exposure are correlated with Parkinson’s Disease and violent behavior(151).
Because lead and other
toxic metals are retained in bone and astroglial
cells in the brain, uptake during fetal development and early childhood has
long-lasting effects on development and behavior(151). Among the toxic effects of lead is a
reduction of dopamine function (which disturbs the behavioral inhibition
mechanisms in the basal ganglia) and glutamate (which plays an essential role
in the long term learning associated with the hippocampus). Research at the individual level showed that
the uptake of heavy metals is associated with higher levels of learning
disabilities, hyperactivity, substance abuse, violent crime, and other forms of
anti-social behavior. In seven different
samples of prison inmates, violent offenders had significantly higher levels of
lead, cadmium, or manganese in head hair than non-violent offenders or
controls. In two prospective studies,
high lead levels at age 7 (one measuring lead in blood, the other bone lead)
predicted juvenile delinquency and adult crime.
A substantial proportion of individuals diagnosed with ADD/ADHD are
likely to have dangerously high levels of lead, manganese, or cadmium in bodily
tissues. Because alcohol, cocaine and
other drugs temporarily restore neurotransmitter functions that are abnormal,
substance abuse may often be crude self-medication in response to the effects
of toxicity. For example, because lead downregulates
dopamine and cocaine is a non-selective dopamine reuptake inhibitor, lead
toxicity could increase the risk of cocaine abuse(151).
Heavy metals compromise normal brain development
and neurotransmitter function, leading to long-term deficits in learning and
social behavior(151). At the individual level, earlier
studies revealed that hyperactive children and criminal offenders have
significantly elevated levels of lead, manganese, or cadmium compared to
controls; high blood lead at age seven predicts juvenile delinquency and adult
crime. At the environmental level, our research has found that environmental
factors associated with toxicity are correlated with higher rates of
anti-social behavior. For the period 1977 to 1997, levels of violent crime and
teenage homicide were significantly correlated with the probability of prenatal
and infant exposure to leaded gasoline years earlier. Across all
Surveys of children's blood lead in Massachusetts,
New York, and other states as well as NHANES III and an NIJ study of 24 cities
point to another environmental factor: where silicofluorides
are used as water treatment agents, risk-ratios for blood lead over 10µμg/dL are from 1.25 to 2.5, with significant
interactions between the silicofluorides and other
factors associated with lead uptake(152). Communities
using silicofluorides also report higher rates of
learning disabilities, ADHD, violent crime, and criminals who were using
cocaine at the time of arrest.The
use of fluosilicic acid (H2SiF6) to fluoridate public
water supplies significantly increases the amounts of lead in the water
(whereas the use of sodium silicofluoride (NaSiF6) or
sodium fluoride (NaF) does not. Communities using either fluosilicic
acid (H2SiF6) or sodium silicofluoride (NaSiF6) have
significantly higher rates of crime than those using sodium fluoride or
delivering unfluoridated water. Also where silicofluorides
are in use, criminals are more likely to consume alcohol, more likely to have
used cocaine at time of arrest - and that communities have significantly higher
crime rates. For 105
Lithium is an essential mineral that
protects brain cells against excess glutamate and calcium, and low levels cause
abnormal brain cell balance and neurological disturbances (75). Lithium also is important in Vit-B12
transport and distribution, and studies have found low lithium levels common in
learning disabled children, incarcerated violent criminals, and people with
heart disease(76). Lithium supplementation has been
found to be an effective treatment adjunct in conditions such as bipolar
depression, autism, and schizophrenia where mania or extreme hyperactivity are
seen(104) Lithium
had a significant mood-improving and stabilizing effect on former drug users
with psychological conditions(77).
In the study a group including violent offenders and family abusers were
divided into 2 groups. Half got lithium supplements and half a placebo. The group getting lithium had significantly
increased scores for mood, happiness, friendliness, and energy, while the other
group did not(77).
In a large
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