The Toxic
Metal connection to ADD, Aggressiveness, Impulsivity, Violence, Delinquency,
Criminality, and Mass murderers/Serial killers B. Windham
(Ed) -Chemical Engineer
A recent study released by the National Academy of Sciences found that
50% of children born in the U.S. suffer from birth defects, developmental
disorders, or are otherwise chronically unhealthy(82).
A recent government study in Canada also found significant increases in
neurological or allergenic developmental disorders over the last 2 decades(132). Large
numbers of peer-reviewed studies have found that the majority of such
developmental neurological disorders such as ADD, dyslexia, autism,
schizophrenia, other mood disorders, and learning disabilities are primarily
caused by prenatal and neonatal exposures to toxic metals or other
toxics[A]. Common exposures have been
documented for mercury(vaccines, amalgam fillings, fish), lead(paint, soil,
water fixtures), arsenic(treated wood, pesticides,shellfish,other
foods), aluminum(processed food,pans),
cadmium(shellfish, paint,piping), antimony(Scotch
guard), manganese(soy milk,welding, metal
works). All of these are documented to
be extremely neurotoxic[A].
Studies have found that heavy metals such as mercury, cadmium, lead, aluminum, nickel, and tin affect chemical synaptic transmission in the brain and the peripheral and central nervous system(19,24,37-41,43,56,57,154). They also have been found to disrupt brain and cellular calcium levels that significantly affect many body functions: such as (a) calcium levels in the brain affecting cognitive development and degenerative CNS diseases(5,28,43,74) and (b) calcium-dependent neurotransmitter release which results in depressed levels of serotonin, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine (5,19,28,46,47,83,110,43) - related to mood and motivation. Some factors that have been documented in affective disorders, impulsiveness, and violent behavior are low serotonin levels, abnormal glucose tolerance(hypoglycemia), low folate levels, and low chromium levels(126-130,115), which mercury and other toxic metals have also been found to be a cause of(43,81,A).
Toxic metals have also been found to affect cell membrane
permeability and thus cellular transfer and levels of other important minerals
and nutrients that have significant neurological and health effects such as
magnesium, lithium, zinc, iron, Vitamins B-6 & B12 (5,27,43,46,75,83).
Based on thousands of hair tests, at least 20 % of Americans are
deficient in magnesium and lithium(5,68,76,83), with
zinc deficiencies also common. The
resulting deficiency
of such essential nutrients caused by toxic metal exposure has
been shown to increase toxic metal neurological damage(5,43,74,75,83). Cerebrospinal magnesium was found to be significantly lower in both
depression and adjustment disorder and in those who have attempted
suicide(166).
A direct mechanism involving mercury’s
inhibition of cellular enzymatic processes by binding with the hydroxyl
radical(SH) in amino acids appears to be a major part of the connection to
these neurological and immune reactive conditions(81,83,89-91,97,105,43b). For
example mercury has been found to strongly inhibit the activity of xanthine oxidase and dipeptyl peptidase (DPP IV) which are required in the
digestion of the milk protein casein(89,91,93,43b), and the same protein that is cluster
differentiation antigen 26 (CD26) which
helps T lymphocyte activation. CD26 or DPPIV is a cell surfact
glycoprotein that is very susceptible to inactivation by mercury binding to its
cysteinyl domain. Mercury
and other toxic metals also inhibit binding of opioid
receptor agonists to opioid receptors, while
magnesium stimulates binding to opioid receptors(89). Studies involving a large sample of autistic
and schizophrenic patients found that over 90 % of those tested had high levels
of the milk protein beta-casomorphine-7 in their blood and urine and defective
enzymatic processes for digesting milk protein(92,93,83), and similarly for the
corresponding enzyme needed to digest wheat gluten(92,94). The studies found
high levels of Ig A antigen
specific antibodies for casein, lactalbumin and beta-lactoglovulin and IgG and IgM for casein.
Beta-casomorphine-7
is a morphine like compound that results in neural dysfunction
(92), Similarly many also had a
corresponding form of gluten
protein(94). This likewise is related
to ADD, mania, and other neurological conditions.
Due to
the large number of vaccinations that are now containing mercury thimerosal,
most children have been documented to receive mercury exposure far above the
government health guideline for mercury, and the number of causes of autism has
increased over 600% in the last decade[81,A,43b]. Other pervasive developmental disorders(PDD) have also increased significantly with well
over 20% of children having ADD, dyslexia, or mood disorders[A]. Research on manic patients, on the other hand,
has revealed elevated vanadium in the hair‑‑significantly
higher levels than those measured in both a control group and a group of
recovered manic patients(84)
Much of the developmental effects of mercury(and other toxic metals) are due to prenatal and
neonatal exposures damage to the developing endocrine(hormonal) system(155). Other agents including mercury are known to
accumulate in endocrine system organs such as the pituitary gland, thyroid, and
hypothallamous and to alter hormone levels and endocrine
system development during crucial periods of development(33,37,43,27,109). Such effects are usually permanent and affect
the individual throughout their life.
Some of the documented effects of exposure to toxic metals include
significant learning and behavioral disabilities, mental retardation, autism,
etc. But even some of the relatively
subtle effects that have been found to occur such as small decreases in IQ,
attention span, and connections to delinquency and violen ce, if they occur in relatively large numbers over a
lifetime can have potentially serious consequences for individuals as well as
for society(37,41,42). Prenatal and
neonatal toxic metal exposure to
mercury, lead, arsenic, cadmium, nickel, and aluminum have been
documented in medical publications and medical texts to cause common and
widespread neurological and psychological effects including depression,
anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorders, social deficits, other mood disorders,
schizophrenia, anorexia, cognitive impairments, ADHD, autism, seizures, etc.
(152-155,113-115,43,49). High
aluminum levels have been found to be related to encephalopathies
and dementia (49,15). Scores for tension, depression, anger, fatigue and confusion in workers
exposed to aluminum for more than ten years were significantly more than those
in non-exposed controls(49).
High lead, copper, manganese, or
mercury levels have been found to be associated with attention deficit
hyperactivity disorder(ADHD), impulsivity, anger, aggression, inability to inhibit inappropriate
responding, juvenile delinquency, and criminality (19,20a,21,61,83,122,
133,136,145,151-155,160,43). It has
been found that excess levels of copper can cause violent behavior in children(124,115). A
study that investigated the effects of zinc and copper on the
behavior of schizophrenic patients by comparing blood zinc and copper levels in
criminal and noncriminal schizophrenic patients found criminal subjects
have significantly lower zinc levels and signif. higher copper levels than non-criminal subjects(165).
Likewise mercury has been found to be a factor
in anger and mood disorders (135,133,153-155,160,A). Occupational mercury exposure has been found
to cause depression, anxiety, anger, antisocial behavior, and aggressiveness(160). Manganese toxicity has long been known to be
associated with impulsive and violent behavior(37,61a,134,151).
The most common significant source of high manganese neonatal exposure is from
soy infant formulas, which typically have very high levels of manganese(151,156).
Lead has been the subject of extensive research documenting its relation
to all of these conditions and juvenile delinquency(19-21,61,151,A). Based on a national sample of children, there is a significant assoc. of
lead body burden with aggressive behavior, crime, juvenile delinquency,
behavioral problems(62b). After adjustment for covariates
and interactions and removal of noninfluential
covariates, adjudicated delinquents were four times more likely to have bone
lead concentrations greater than 25 parts per million(ppm)
than controls(21a).
One mechanism by which mercury has
been found to be a factor in aggressiveness and violence is its documented
inhibition of the brain neurotransmitter acetylcholinesterase
(5,19,28,44-47,43,83, 110). Glutathione and N-acetylcysteine(NAC) have
been found to have a strongly protective effect on peroxynitrite’s
adverse effect on acetylcholine levels(137), as induced by mercury. Low serotonin levels and/or hypoglycemia
have also been found in the majority of those with impulsive and violent behavior(127,128,155,115).
Inhibition of cholinesterase activity
in the brain was also found to be associated with toxic metals and pesticides
relation to aggressive and violent behavior(110,etc.). Studies have found evidence that abnormal metal and trace elements affected by
metal exposure appear to be a factor associated with aggressive or violent
behavior(37,60-63, 110,113,115,123,136,21), and that hair trace metal analyses
may be a useful tool for identifying those prone to such behavior. Another series of studies found abnormal
trace metal concentrations to be associated with violent-prone individuals
including elevated serum copper and depressed plasma zinc(115).
A group with a history of assaultive and violent-prone behavior had significantly
higher median Cu/Zn ratio than for controls. Assaultive,
violent-prone individuals usually have abnormal trace-metal concentrations,
including elevated serum copper and depressed plasma zinc(115b).
Similar tests in the California juvenile
justice system as well as other studies have found significant relations of
trace metal levels and mineral levels to classroom achievement, juvenile
delinquency, and
criminality(63,120,123,136).
Three studies in the California prison
system found those in prison for violent activity had significantly higher
levels of hair manganese than controls(61,37), and studies of an area in
Australia with much higher levels of violence as well as autopsies of several mass
murderers also found high levels of manganese to be a common factor(37,134b,115a). Such violent behavior has long been known in
those with high manganese exposure.
Other studies in the California prison and juvenile justice systems
found that those with 5 or more essential mineral imbalances were 90% more
likely to be violent 50% more likely to be violent for 2 or more mineral
imbalances (120). A study analyzing hair of 28 mass murderers
found that all had high metals and abnormal essential mineral levels(115). Like
several other studies they found higher levels of such toxic metals in blacks
than in Caucasian populations. Doctors
in UK found a woman’s insanity and violent behavior to be
related to poisoning from leaking amalgam dental fillings(37), and other
studies and clinical results have confirmed the connection of toxic metals to
behavioral problems and violence (114c,115,119,120,123,136). A group of violent criminals had signif. higher levels of hair lead
and cadmium levels than non violent controls(62b).
Studies
at the Argonne National Laboratory found that the majority of delinquents and
criminals had high metals levels such as cadmium and lead, and to fall into 2
categories. One group with high copper
and low zinc, sodium potassium tended to have extreme tempers, while another
group with low zinc and copper, but high sodium and potassium tended to be sociopathic(115). But it was found that treatment of delinquent
or violent prone individuals for metals related problems including nutritional therapy usually
produced significant improvements in mood, violent behavior, and functionality-
with complete cure in the majority of cases (115,119,120). In studies at juvenile delinquency centers,
nutritional therapy reduced antisocial and violent behavior by over 50%(120,115). Toxic
metals detoxification and nutritional treatment have also been found to be
effective in recovery from autism, ADD, PDD conditions(81,43,114), and in
cases of abnormal glucose tolerance/hypoglycemia (130,115a).
Manganese can
downregulate serotonin function, reducing sociability
and increasing aggressiveness or depression.
Excess manganese exposure reduces dopamine levels which can
result in violent behavior. Higher levels of manganese exposure are correlated
with Parkinson’s Disease and violent behavior(151).
Because
lead and other toxic metals are retained in bone and astroglial
cells in the brain, uptake during fetal development and early childhood has
long-lasting effects on development and behavior(151). Among the toxic effects of lead is a
reduction of dopamine function (which disturbs the behavioral inhibition
mechanisms in the basal ganglia) and glutamate (which plays an essential role
in the long term learning associated with the hippocampus). Research at the individual level showed that
the uptake of heavy metals is associated with higher levels of learning
disabilities, hyperactivity, substance abuse, violent crime, and other forms of
anti-social behavior. In seven
different samples of prison inmates, violent offenders had significantly higher
levels of lead, cadmium, or manganese in head hair than non-violent offenders
or controls. In two prospective
studies, high lead levels at age 7 (one measuring lead in blood, the other bone
lead) predicted juvenile delinquency and adult crime. A substantial proportion of individuals
diagnosed with ADD/ADHD are likely to have dangerously high levels of lead,
manganese, or cadmium in bodily tissues.
Because alcohol, cocaine and other drugs temporarily restore
neurotransmitter functions that are abnormal, substance abuse may often be
crude self-medication in response to the effects of toxicity. For example,
because lead downregulates dopamine and cocaine is a
non-selective dopamine reuptake inhibitor, lead toxicity could increase the
risk of cocaine abuse(151).
Heavy metals compromise normal brain development and
neurotransmitter function, leading to long-term deficits in learning and social
behavior(151). At the individual level, earlier
studies revealed that hyperactive children and criminal offenders have
significantly elevated levels of lead, manganese, or cadmium compared to
controls; high blood lead at age seven predicts juvenile delinquency and adult
crime. At the environmental level, our research has found that environmental
factors associated with toxicity are correlated with higher rates of
anti-social behavior. For the period 1977 to 1997, levels of violent crime and
teenage homicide were significantly correlated with the probability of prenatal
and infant exposure to leaded gasoline years earlier. Across all U.S. counties
for both 1985 and 1991, industrial releases of heavy metals were -- controlling
for over 20 socio-economic and demographic factors -- also a risk-factor for
higher rates of crime. Excess levels of lead and manganese are correlated with
ADHD and violent behavior. Poor diet
increases the effects of lead and manganese toxicity. Communities with a higher
percentage of children having blood lead over 10 mg/dL
are significantly more likely to have higher rates of violent crime and higher
rates of educational failure. Studies
comparing Toxic Release Inventory(TRI) data to crime
rate data for all U.S. counties found a positive correlation between releases
of lead and manganese and violent crime rates. A large federal health survey,
NHANES III found a significant correlation between mercury exposure from
amalgam fillings and mental conditions(6) Specialists at the Pfeiffer Treatment Center
in Illinois have found that treatments to reduce levels of lead and other
toxins provide lasting improvement without medication(151).
Surveys of children's blood lead in Massachusetts, New York, and other states as well as NHANES III and an NIJ study of 24 cities point to another environmental factor: where silicofluorides are used as water treatment agents, risk-ratios for blood lead over 10µμg/dL are from 1.25 to 2.5, with significant interactions between the silicofluorides and other factors associated with lead uptake(152). Communities using silicofluorides also report higher rates of learning disabilities, ADHD, violent crime, and criminals who were using cocaine at the time of arrest.The use of fluosilicic acid (H2SiF6) to fluoridate public water supplies significantly increases the amounts of lead in the water (whereas the use of sodium silicofluoride (NaSiF6) or sodium fluoride (NaF) does not. Communities using either fluosilicic acid (H2SiF6) or sodium silicofluoride (NaSiF6) have significantly higher rates of crime than those using sodium fluoride or delivering unfluoridated water. Also where silicofluorides are in use, criminals are more likely to consume alcohol, more likely to have used cocaine at time of arrest - and that communities have significantly higher crime rates. For 105 New York communities, for every age and racial group there was a significant association between siliocfluoride treated community water and elevated blood lead. Data from analysis of national sample of over 4,000 children in NHANES III, show that water fluoridation is associated with a significant increase in children's blood lead (with especially strong effects among minority children)(152)
Lithium is an essential mineral that protects brain cells against excess glutamate and calcium, and low levels cause abnormal brain cell balance and neurological disturbances (75). Lithium also is important in Vit-B12 transport and distribution, and studies have found low lithium levels common in learning disabled children, incarcerated violent criminals, and people with heart disease(76). Lithium supplementation has been found to be an effective treatment adjunct in conditions such as bipolar depression, autism, and schizophrenia where mania or extreme hyperactivity are seen(104) Lithium had a significant mood-improving and stabilizing effect on former drug users with psychological conditions(77). In the study a group including violent offenders and family abusers were divided into 2 groups. Half got lithium supplements and half a placebo. The group getting lithium had significantly increased scores for mood, happiness, friendliness, and energy, while the other group did not(77). In a large Texas study, incidence of suicide, homicide, rape, robbery, burglary, theft, and drug use were significantly higher in counties with low lithium levels in drinking water(78). In a placebo controlled study on prisoners with a history of impulsive/aggressive behavior, the group taking lithium supplements had a significant reduction in aggressive behavior and infractions involving violence(79). The authors suggest that for those areas with low lithium levels in water, water systems should add lithium; and those with deficiencies in lithium or displaying aggressive or impulsive behavior would likely benefit from lithium supplements(78,79).
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