The Health Effects of
Pesticides
Bernard
Windham (Ed.)
Childhood cancer incidence is
increasing at 0.8%(1), with the increase in incidence
since 1973 for acute lymphocytic leukemia = 62%, brain cancer = 50%, and bone
cancer = 40%. The main cause of these
cancers is paternal and maternal exposure to toxic substances(2,140,etc.). Known common causes of leukemia include pesticides(7,55,140,144),
maternal exposure to x-rays(2), and nitrite treated hot dogs and meats. Known common causes of brain cancer include pesticides(140), nitrite treated hot dogs, and lindane (144). Pesticide exposure has also been found to have
positive associations with prostrate cancer, kidney and pancreatic cancer, etc.
(140)
1. Widespread health effects on animals at the
top of the food chain due to organochlorine pesticides and chemicals have been
documented to have reached epidemic and catastrophic levels for some animals at
the top of the food chain (29,30,31,32,44,53). There have been epidemics related to damaged
immune systems causing declines in marine mammals such as dolphins, seals, etc.
worldwide- especially in more polluted waters(30,53). Likewise Lake Apopka (Florida's 4th largest
lake) has been found to be contaminated by organochlorine pesticides from a
pesticide spill and citrus & muck farm runoff, with catastrophic results
for fish and wildlife in the area(31,32). Studies of bass, alligators, and turtles in
Apopka by Univ. of Florida researchers have found widespread reproductive
system mutations and inability to reproduce among these populations, with
sexual abnormalities among males including abnormally high levels of estrogen,
shrunken penises, low testosterone levels, spermless males, and intersexed
gators with testes and ovaries. A survey
of alligator eggs at the lake found 90% do not survive and the rest were sexual
mutants. Dr. Guillete stated that
"if oranochlorine chemicals are detrimental to embryos of other species,
they are going to be detrimental to human embryos". Thousands of wading
birds have died from neurological damage related to toxics in the food chain at
Lake Apopka in 1999, apparently from organochlorine pesticde exposure(32). Tests have found toxaphene and DDT in the
food chain. Similar reproductive
failures are also being found in fish and wading birds in other Central Floida
lakes such as those of the Ocklawaha Chain(31). The levels found to cause widespread
reproductive failures in fish, birds, and animals are less than 1/1000 of the
EPA standard for pesticides in food classified as dangerous. Most EPA standards are based on levels that
cause cancer, not the extremely low levels found to cause hormonal effects
resulting in birth defects and reprodutive failures(31). Pesticides have also been found to be a major
factor in high levels of derormaties in frogs and tadpoles and the general
decline in many areas of the world of amphibian species(80,105).
Similar findings have been seen in dioxin
or organochlorine chemically contaminated fish and wildlife of the Great Lakes
region and in dioxin contaminated Florida rivers(31,32). According to the U.S. EPA, there have been
over 4000 listings of health bans or restrictions on eating fish due to food
chain contamination in millions of acres of lakes and rivers throughout the
U.S., with over
30 states having such bans due to organochlorine chemical pollution(23 for
dioxin, 30 for PCBs, and 26 for pesticides).
Such estrogenic chemicals cause hormonal effects that induce cells to
produce a surplus of estrogen, which has been shown to be linked to breast
cancer, testicular cancer, lowered sperm counts, and malformation/mutations of
male sex organs(57,125). It's now estimated that up to 85 per cent of the sperm
produced by a healthy male is DNA-damaged,
Abnormal sperm is also being blamed for a global increase in testicular
cancer, birth defects, and other
reproductive conditions.
Increasing estrogenic effects and
reproductive abnormalities are also being seen in people in the U.S. and other
industrialized countries, especially over the last 2 decades(44,125,
...).
Laboratory
studies show that a variety of organochlorine, organophosphate, carbamate, and
metal-based pesticides (such as those based on arsenic, copper, or mercury) can
suppress the immune system of mammals(81b,etc). For
example, exposure to the organochlorines aldrin and dieldrin reduces mouse
resistance to viral infection, while DDT decreases antibody production in
mammal and bird species. The organophosphate parathion delays antibody
production and suppresses T-cell response in cell cultures, while chronic
low-dose exposures of the commonly used organophosphate malathion
can depress several different immune responses. Many solvents, inert
ingredients, and contaminants that are part of pesticide formulations can also
suppress immune responses in laboratory tests.
Farmers who used
agricultural insecticides experienced increased symptoms of nervous system disorders, even when
they were no longer using the products, new research by federal government scientists
shows(143).
Data from 18,782 North Carolina and Iowa farmers linked use of
insecticides, including organophosphates, organochlorines, and pyrethroids to
reports of reoccurring headaches, fatigue, insomnia, dizziness, nausea, hand
tremors, numbness and other neurological symptoms. Researchers found that nearly 3,000
participants had a high lifetime exposure to insecticides - that is, they used
insecticides more than 500 days in their lifetime. Nearly 800 of these farmers
reported more than 10 neurological symptoms compared to those using
insecticides fewer than 50 days. Epidemiological
evidence, though limited, also indicates that pesticides can be toxic to the
human immune system(134). Among Indian factory workers
chronically exposed to several pesticides, blood lymphocyte levels one element
of immune system health decreased by as much as two thirds from baseline levels
and returned to normal only after pesticide exposure ceased. Epidemiologists in
the former Soviet Union have long observed that T-cell counts and functions are
suppressed after pesticide exposure. For example, residents of agricultural
districts in southern Russia where pesticide use was substantial had lower
T-cell counts than control groups in the general population, and the former group
also had higher rates of infectious diseases.
Likewise, in Moldova also
part of the former Soviet Union teenagers in villages where pesticide
application levels were greatest exhibited rates of infections of the
respiratory and digestive tracts several times higher than teenagers from areas
of lower pesticide use. From the 1960s through the 1980s, per hectare pesticide
application rates in farming regions in central and southern Moldova were
almost 20 times the world average.
Immune suppression from pesticide exposure appears to also play a role
in the development of some cancers. As a group, farmers face higher risks than
the general population for contracting Hodgkin's disease, melanoma, multiple
myeloma, and leukemia all of which are cancers of the immune system.
An epidemiological study in
Belgium found that women with at least 0.5 parts per billion levels of
organochonine pesticides, DDT and/or hexachlorobenzene
have at least a 5 times higer incidence of breast cancer than those with lower levels(137). Xenoestrogenic chemicals such as the
organochlorine pesticides
have been found to promote breast cancer by several mechanisms
including: promotion of the bad 16-alpha form of estrogen; binding to the
estrogen receptor and sending proliferation signals to cells; generation of new
blood vessels that aid tumor growth; and damaging DNA (46), and supressing the
immune system allowing viruses such as Epstein-Barr to trigger cancer(82). Corn oil and polyunsaturated or hydrogenated
fats were also found to have this effect, while indole-3-carlinol found in
plants of the broccoli family and soy products were found to be protective of
cancer because of retarding the bad form of estrogen. Another mechanism of cancer promotion
documented is suppresion of acetylcholine by pesticides such as
organophorphorous compounds(121). The organochlorine
pesticides (lindane,endosulfan,methoxychlor,dieldrin,dicofol)
have been shown to cause estrogenic or androgenic effects on animals and to be
reproductive toxins(68). Organochlorine
compounds have also been found to affect the immune system, causing increased
sensitivites to allergins and resulting in more asmatic and allergic effects
including eczema(85). Organochlorine compounds such as
DDT/DDE and PCBs have also been found to have a significant correlation to
K-ras mutations found in pancreatic cancer(90), as
well as Alzheimer’s disease(33). High levels(exceeding government standards for aquatic life) of
organochlorine pesticides including diazinon, carbaryl(Sevin), and malathion
have been found by the U.S.G.S. in Florids lakes and streams from urban runoff
in developed areas such as Leon County(72).
2. Additive and synergistic effects for organo
chlorine chemicals has also been documented(46,99,109). Mixtures of low levels of organochlorine
chemicals were found to cause significantly greater proliferation of tumor
cells than individual exposures. The synergistic
effects of combining pesticides have been found to often be much more than
being simply additive. Combinations of endosulfan, dieldrin,
toxaphene, and chlordane produced estrogenic effects 500 to 1000 times as much
as their individual effects(57). N-nitrosoattrazine which is readily formed
by combination of atrazine and nitrate in an acid environment such as the
stomach, is
thousands of times more damaging to chromosomes than atrazine and nitrates
separately or combined(65). Combinations of chemicals at levels commonly found
in wells in agricultural areas such as aldicarb, atrisine, and nitrates were
found to have synergistic detrimental effects on the nervous, immune, and
endocrine systems much more than individual chemicals(99). This synergistic effect may be responsible
for the fact that the distribution of toxic-waste dump sites parallels closely
the sites of highest breast cancer mortality(47) and birth defects(71,73). Approximately 250,000 U.S. children are
born each year with birth defects diagnosed at or shortly after birth. Birth
defects are the leading cause of infant mortality in the United States.
Congenital anomalies, sudden infant death syndrome, and premature birth
combined account for more than 50% of all infant mortality(79). Nearly 25% of mothers measured from the 1950s
and 1960s who had low birth weight or premature children had five times as much
of a DDT breakdown product in their blood as
normal(124).
3. Pesticide residues in food is the number 3
cause of cancer in the U.S.(1). A National Acadamy of Sciences Study and a
report by Consumers Union estimate that pesticide residues in food are
responsible for thousands of cancer cases each year and may be responsible for
millions of cases in the next few decades(2,70). The 2 foods with the greatest cancer risk due
to pesticides are tomatos and beef(74), the latter due
to high use of pesticides and herbicides in growing crops for cattle feed. The U.S. Environmetal Protection Agency(EPA) indicates that "by the age of 1, the
average child has been exposed to more risk of cancer from pesticides than the
EPA says she should get over an entire lifetime"(36). EPA estimates pesticide use in the U.S. at
over 71 million pounds per year, with 98 % of the adult population using
pesticides at least once per year and 67% over 5 times per year. Residues are common in fruit, vegetables,
grain, and meat- often above the EPA ORD level. The most common pesticides in
the diet based on a sample were malathion, DDT/DDE
chlorpyrifos-methyl, endosulfan, dieldrin, 2-4-D, etc. Herbicide use on lawns and gardens is
estimated to be over 27 million pounds per year(63). Malathion spraying for mosquitos and other
insect pests has been found to cause significant adverse health effects in
animals and people, including spontaneous abortions and birth defects(91).
Chlorpyrifos pesticides have been found to cause serious adverse health
effects, and restricted its use and canceled some uses(86). Babies had lower birth weights when the
pesticide chlorpyrifos, a chemical commonly used in schools and public housing
in New York City, was found in their blood(86b).
3.5. There has been a huge increase in the
incidence of degenerative neurological conditions in virtually all Western
countries over the last 2 decades(142). The increase in Alzheimer’s has been
over 300% while the increase in Parkinson’s and other motor neuron disease has
been over 50%. The primary cause
appears to be increased exposures to toxic pollutants and pesticides(142,145).
4. A statistically
significant relationaship was found between death from cancer and amount of
organochlorine chemicals in the body(PCB,DDT,dieldrin)(3,46,78). Cancerous breast tissue contained increased
levels of organo‑chlorine chemicals, as compared to normal breast tissue(25,34,46,80).
Exposure to chlorinated pesticides significantly increases the risk of
breast cancer by raising the level of "bad estrogen:
16-alpha-hydroxyestrone" hormone linked to increase in cancer(34,46,78).
Other studies had found similar results for chlorinated pesticides and some
chlorinated plastics. A National Cancer
Institute study indicates that breast cancer rates increased 1.1% for whites
and 1.3 % for blacks per year, between 1976 and 1985. In a separate study by Bradlow and coworkers at the Cornell Univ.
Medical School, it was found that eating cruciferous vegetables or soy products
lowers the bad estrogen level and thus the risk of breast cancer(46).
5. While there have been large
increases of most neurological and immune conditions among adults over the last
2 decades(142), the incidence of neurotoxic or
immune reactive developmental conditions in infants such as autism,
schizophrenia, ADD, dyslexia, learning disabilities, etc. have been increasing
especially rapidly in recent years
(141). Pesticides are responsible for birth defects,genetic mutations,damage
to the immune system, reproductive system deformaties, neurological damage,
mild cognitive dysfunction, and other health effects
(1,35,45,50,59,70,79,101,104). Early expsoure to pesticides was found to
hinder preschoolers’ hand-eye coordination, recall, and ability to draw
pictures(79). Women exposed to pesticides through agricultural or floricultural
work have been documented to have significantly higher risk of children born with musculoskeletal
defects, developmental defects, limb defects, growth retardation, and learning/behavioral
disorders(59,79). A study of preschool
children found the group exposed to pesticides to have significant behavioral
effects including increased aggression and violence(100). The majority
of those
with long term pesticide exposure such as farmers and gardners have been found
to have mild cognitive dysfunction such as problems in thinking and
speech(101).
Each year over 1 million people are poisoned
by pesticides, with 20,000 deaths(37,50). Thousands of
cases of adverse reaction to dursban have been reported to EPA(80).
According to the New York State Attorney General, there have been over 139
cases of acute poisoning by Dursban in New York since 1991 and the attorney
general has called for a ban in N.Y. It
also has been linked to nausea, blurred vision, digestive, and infant
developmental problems(86). A group suffering from Chronic Fatigue
Immune Dysfunction Syndrome was found to have significantly higher levels of
oranochlorine pesticides than a matched control group(43). The CFIDS group averaged 100% higher levels
of DDT/DDE and hexachlorobenzene than the controls; they also were found to
have a chemical in their blood similar in structure to pesticides and which
appeared to have been caused by mutation of natural body bacteria(88).
In another study
over 90% of the CFIDS group had high levels of organochlorines and DDE for
which exposure was significantly correlated with fatigue and high red blood
cell counts(43).
Higer levels of hexachlorobenzene were associated with low esinophil
levels.
6. A study in Hawaii found
high levels of heptachlor in human breast milk.
The study documented higher levels of birth defects, reduced mental
development in infants, lower birth weight, more jaundice, etc. related to the
level of heptachor in breast milk(4).
The Island of Oahu has extremely high rates of birth defects and low
birth weights associated with exposure to pesticides. Dairy milk was highly
contaminated with heptaclor and drinking water was contaminated by EDB,DBCP, and Telone(5).
Chlordane, used for termite control until
banned in 1987, is highly carcinogenic and neurotoxic(52),
and has been found to be still causing widespread serious health problems in
homes treated for termites in the U.S.
Chlordane is bioaccumulative and persistent, and is an endocrine system
and reproductive system disrupting chemical(53). Residents of buildings and homes using
chlordane for termite protection were found to have significantly more
neurological problems-
also experiencing more asthma, shortness of breath, hair loss,
seizures, and other health problems(40,41).
Chlordane is also highly toxic to acquatic organisms and birds. Due to
their extreme toxicity and longevity, the use of chlordane, aldrin, dieldrin,
endrin, heptacholor, hexachlorobenzene, mirex, and toxaphene were recently
ordered phased out worldwide by the United Nations Environment Program(106).
A study of fish and the food chain in the
Arctic found toxaphene was widespread throughout the Arctic, even though banned
in the U.S. and Canada in 1982. It was
found at high levels in fish in some lakes such as Lake Laberge in the Yukon(39), and appeared to have come from atmospheric
deposition.
7. Fungicides are an especially dangerous category of
pesticides. Fruit and vegetables from
Florida are especially dangerous since the humid conditions lead to more mold
and fungus, resulting in higher levels of fungicide use. Many fresh fruits and
vegetables are sprayed as many as 20 times per year with 5 or more active ingredients(6,29).
Benomyl, vinclozin,
ethylene dioxide, and the dithiocarbamate fungicides (& ETU) have been shown to be male
reproductive toxins in animal studies(60), as well as causing birth defects. Exposure
to high levels of the fungicide, vinclozolin, during pregnancy was found to
cause a high incidence of cancer and disease in at least 3 generations of rats(147).
7.5. Scientists from the Environmental
Protection Agency say there is "sufficient evidence" to conclude that
the country's most widely used pesticide, atrazine, is an endocrine disrupting
chemical and causes sexual abnormality in frogs(136). Six studies involving three species of
frogs that show a variety of defects, including frogs with both multiple testes
and multiple ovaries, when exposed to the chemical. Two papers suggest that low levels of
exposure to atrazine, as low as one part per 10 billion in the water, could
cause tadpoles to develop into frogs with both male and female sexual organs. Atrazine has been banned in seven European
countries.
Animal studies have found herbicides
including atrazine, cyanazine,cicamba, and 2-4-D to be
reproductive system toxins and to cause birth defects(64). A study of the most common herbicide used on
U.S. lawns, a mix of three phenoxy
herbicides (2,4-D, dicamba, and mecoprop), that added extremely low levels to
the drinking water of mice, found a 20% increase in failed pregnancies at
extremely low doses‑‑seven times lower than the maximum allowable
rate for U.S. drinking water(130).
A study of DOW chemical employees who worked
with 2-4-D found a higher relative risk ratio of ALS of 3.45 compared to a
control group(103).
8. A study of exposures of
either parent to pesticides during pregnancy found that the childhood leukemia
rate was 6.5 times normal where a parent was exposed to garden pesticides and
3.8 times normal where a parent was exposed
to household pesticides. Home pesticide use appears to be a significant
cause of childhood leukemia(7,55,140) and occupational
exposure related to pancreatic cancer(7).
An Australian study found regular maternal exposure to pesticides before
pregnancy(either indoor or outdoor) resulted in cases of cleft palate and cleft
lip at rates at least 300% normal(8).
Similar results were found for a U.S. group of agricultural workers(42) and Finnish agricultural workers. Dormex, used as a growth accelerator in
grapes, causes skin disease, miscarriages, sterility and cancer
in farmworkers, according to public health workers in Chile and the US. EPA. In the
agricultural region ofChile where grapes are grown, residents
are 40 percent more likely to have children born with defects than in
other regions according to a study by Rancaguna Hospital staff(113).
A significant increase in the number of
learning and attention deficit problems of children whose parents had exposures
to pesticides prior to the birth has been found in a study based on a large
registry of birth defect children(35). Pesticide use
in homes has been documented to be having widespread serious health effects on
children. A source of the most dangerous
pesticides commonly used in home and safer alternatives is given in (55).
9. Pesticides have been
documented to have contaminated over 15,000 public and private wells in Florida(9).
According to a U.S. Dept. of Agriculture survey, Florida leads the nation in pesticide use
and fungicide use on vegatables, with 92 % of vegatables having been treated with
pesticides, 86 % with fungicides, along with considerable use of defoliants,
desicicants, soil fumigansts, and growth regulators(28). For example Florida leads the country in the
use of the ozone-layer depleting pesticide methyl bromide, which is also highly
toxic and carcinogenic(51). An average of 200 pounds
per acre was applied in Florida tomato fields in 1991. Florida also has high pesticide use on golf
courses, which are causing widespread effects to people and wildlife(128).
10. U.S. pesticide use in
the last 40 years has increased 10 fold, while crop damage from insects has
increased from 7% to 13%. The number of insects resistant to insecticides is
growing due to heavier pesticide use and has grown from 10 species to 447. Resistant species of fungi, weeds, and rodents are also on
the rise. Currently pesticide use is approximately 2.6 billion pounds per year
in the U.S.(10).
The U.S. EPA estimates that approx. 10.4 % of community water system
wells and 4.2 % of rural wells are contimated by one or more pesticides, with a
larger percent contaminated by nitrates and 1 % of all U.S. wells contaminted
above a
health based limit(26). The Florida
Dept. of Environmental Regulation has documented over 15,000 drinking water
wells in Florida contaminated by pesticides(27). Thousands of wells have simiarly been
contaminated by pesticides in other states(51,56). The U.S. Geological Survey has found that
atmospheric distribution and deposition contribute significantly to pesticide
levels in regions far from application sites(54).
EPA has identifies at least 55 pesticides
that leave residues on food as carcinogenic and hundreds more have not been
adequately tested for ability to cause cancer, birth defects, or genetic
mutations. Roughly 400 pesticides are
registered for use on food but many more are also used(11).
11. Of 26 common varieties
of fruits and vegetables tested by the FDA in the 1980s, 48% of the samples contained
detectable pesticide residues. Over 50% of all peaches tested were found to
have pesticide residues for example(11). An independent sampling of fruits and
vegetables from a San Francisco supermarket
found 44%
contained measurable pesticide residues and 42% showed residues of more than
one pesticide(12). The percent of
samples of imported fruit and vegetables with pesticide residues was 64%, but
it was over 80% for some fruits and vegetables. The products with the largest resideue
problems were strawberries, mangos, peppers, and bananas(48),
and the most commonly found pesticide was methamidophos, a toxic pesticide that
has very high health risks.
Approximately 6% of imported produce sampled each year violates Federal
standards for pesticide residues in food. The domestic produce violation rate
is approximately 3%. However these tests are only for a few of the over one
thousand pesticides in use, and even most produce found to violate the standard
are sold at market. Americans are
eating fruits and vegetables on a regular basis with dangerous levels of pesticides(13,48).
12. The health of the
country's farm workers is seriously damaged by pesticides(14,15,16,17,18,22,33,50). Many pesticides are reproductive and
developmental toxins and numerous studies have documented significantly higher
rates of spontaneous abortion among pregnant women working in agricultural occupations(58,89,108).
In a large study by UNC researchers, those women living close to areas
where agricultural pesticides are applied had much higher the risk of
fetal death due to birth defects(108), The California study showed an increased risk
of death among developing babies, ranging from 40 percent to 120 percent among those whose mothers lived near crops
where certain pesticides were sprayed.
"Our study showed a consistent pattern with respect to timing of
exposure," said Dr. Erin M. Bell, "The largest risks for fetal death
due to birth defects were from
pesticide exposure during the third week to the eighth week of
pregnancy." That span ‑‑
much of the first trimester ‑‑ appears to be a special window of
vulnerability for birth defects, Bell
said, just as earlier research has suggested. "The risks appeared to be strongest
among pregnant women who lived in the same square mile where pesticides were used,"
Farmers or farm workers exposed to
herbicides more than 20 days per year had a risk of non‑Hodgkin's
lymphoma 6 times higher than non‑farm workers(15). 2-4-D exposure is one such that has been
found to have a positive association(140). The incidence of this type of cancer has
increased 73% in the U.S. in the last 2 decades, and European studies have
found significant correlations with pesticides, herbicides, and fungicides such
as MCPA(Target) and glyphosate(Round Up)(82). Farmers or farmworkers who mix or apply
certain herbicides to crops have an 8‑fold increase in lymphatic cancer
risk. One such herbicide is 2‑4‑D, which is used both on crops and
in lawn use(16).
According to a 1983 medical study, the chance of an Iowa farmer dying of
bone cancer is 48% higher than the general population(22). Agricultural workers in California were
found to have deformed limbs at a rate 13 times the general population(17).
Organochlorine pesticide residue heptachlor epoxide to be significantly
associated with Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma. Higher level of dieldrin was also associated
with elevated NHL risk (OR = 2.70), as were higher levels of oxychlordane, p,p ´-DDE, and ßß-benzene hexachloride
(ORs = 1.79, 1.99, and 2.47, respectively) (139).
A new case-controlled study confirms that workers exposed to
insecticides
and herbicides have a significantly higher risk of
developing Parkinson's
disease(129), and a Univ. of
Washington study had similar findings(138).
Researchers established a significant independent correlation between
insecticide and herbicide exposure and
subsequent development of
Parkinson's--even after adjusting for risk associated with farming.
They
postulated that oxidative stress
triggered by pesticides may promote the
deterioration of the substantia nigra
ñña cell mass in the brain critical for
producing dopamine. Previous studies
have shown degeneration of this brain
region in Parkinson's mediated by heightened activity of
free radicals.
Researchers have found that two pesticides may act in concert to
trigger
Parkinson's disease. When
scientists at the Un. of
Rochester Medical Center
injected mice twice weekly with the
herbicide paraquat and the fungicide
maneb, they created a deadly brew. Over a six week
period, the mice
displayed impaired motor activity
and brain damage typical of Parkinson's
disease, a progressive and incurable
neurological illness that affects 1 million
Americans(109). Parkinson's disease is increasing among
younger people in
industrialized
countries, and groups exposed to pesticides such as farmers,
farm workers, and people drinking well water in farming
areas were found to
have higher incidence of Parkinson's
disease(33,107). A recent large study
of people with Parkinson’s found a significant
association between home
pesticide use and development of
Parkinson’s disease(95), and another
found a connection between Parkinson’s and pesticides
like rotenone(107).
Organochlorine insecticides have been found to produce a direct toxic
action
on the dopaminergic tracts of the substantia nigra
and can contribute to the
development of PD(93). In a study of a population with Parkinson’s,
those
with PD had significantly hihger levels of
organochlorine chemicals in the
substantia nigra of the brain than
controls(93). An epidemiological study
of
farmers by the Instiute of
Occupational Medicine(U.K.) found that chronic
exposure to organophosphate
pesticides use in sheep dips was associated
with neurological damage including exhaustion,
long-term fatigue, memory
loss, slow information processing, and
confusion(51). Animal studies have
shown organophosphate and carbamate pesticides to be
dose-related
reproductive toxins and to be acutely
toxic to humans(67,81b,89). Two
years after being exposed to O-P pesticides, workers
still had decreased
neuropsychological
performance(112). A study in the
Washington, D.C.
area of home pesticide use and leukemia,
found a significant correlation
between acute lymphoblastic leukemia in
children with organophosphate
metabolites diethylthiophosphate(P<.03) and
diethyldithiophosphate
(p<.05).
Pesticide levels were higher in cases than controls, and more case
mothers than controls reported using pesticides in the home. (152)
Organophosphate insecticides have been found
to inhibit the activity levels of
acetylcholinesterase, succinate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, lactate
dehydrogenase and cytochrome‑c‑oxidase and cause accumulation of acetylcholine in the
hepatopancreas and muscle tissues(123). Paraoxon, a componate of organophosphates,
has lethal effects due to blocking the neurotransmitter acethylcholine. The blood enzyme paraoxoase breaks down this
toxic chemical and different people have genetic differences that result in
producing different amounts of PON1, thus having different susceptabilities to
OPs(133). A study in Poland found high mortallity
levels from organophosphorous pesticide posionings(120). Studies of the high ALS rate in Gulf War
victims have suggested a possible organophosphate poisoning connection through
exposure to the nerve agent Sarin.
Children of male field workers who mixed
and applied organochlorine and organophosphourous pesticides were found to have
much higher levels of spontanous
abortions, still births, neonatal deaths, congenital birth defects,
etc.(61). Organophosphourous pesticides
have been found to be genotoxic, but the cytogenetic toxicity is somewhat
reduced by taking vitamin C (122). DBCP(69) and EDB(63) have been documented to cause reduced
sperm counts and infertility.
Agricultural workers have been found to have significantly higher
chromosome and sperm abnormalities(62). Another study found fertility rates were
significantly decreased in couples with paternal pesticide exposure(97). For couples seeking in vitro fetilization
therapy, sperm from men with high on-the-job pesticide exposure had an average
of 78% decrease in IVF success compared to controls, while those with moderate
exposure had a 48 % decease in IVF
success(97).
13. In a survey of Texas farm workers:
(a) 78% had chronic skin rashes
(b) 56% had kidney and liver abnormalities
(c) 54% suffered from respiratory problems(18)
15. A
study of farmworkers exposed to pesticides in grape gardens in India found a 6
fold increase in genetic damage and adverse reproductive outcomes. 44% of pregnancies of exposed farmworkers
resulted in miscarraige
or stillbirth. A high rate of sterility was also found(19). Similar results were also found in an Idaho study(19b).
16.
Adoption of extensive use of pesticides in growing rice in the Philippines has
resulted in a large increse in the death rate of farmers. A ban on endrin
resulted in death rate reductions of over 50% in diagnosed stroke deaths of
farmers between age 15 and 34. Death
rates were found to be significantly higher during seasons of heavy pesticide use(20,50).
17.
Pesticide posioning incidents have more than doubled in the last 10 years. More
than 300,000 farm workers are made ill every year through pesticide
exposure. The miscarraige rate for
female farm workers is seven times the national average. Disability days associated with
pesticides have increased 53% since
1979;
hospitial days have increased 61%.(18)
18. Milk and meat in Arkansas and
surrounding states was found to be contaminated after seeds treated for
heptachlor were sold for cattle feed. A follow up investigation found over 100
more firms selling treated seed for animal feed(23).
19. 30%
of the monkeys born in a 12 month period at the Awajuishima Mondey Center had
shortened or absent limbs. The cause was
determined to be food residues of a commonly used pesticide(fernitrothion)
in wheat and soybeans grown for human consumption(21).
20. As
of April 1986, EPA had not completed health and safety evaluations of any of
the 600 active ingredients in the thousands of pesticide products, a task
assigned to EPA by Congress in 1972.
Information on long term chronic effects of pesticides such as cancer,
sterility, and birth defects has not been compiled. EPA points out that
pesticide registration does not guarantee safety, since by design pesticides
are intended to kill biological organisms(21). Emulsifiers, propellants, and other chemicals
is pesticide solutions have also been found to consist of volatile organic
chemicals and solvents which have harmful health effects(38).
21. Due
to increasing use of pesticides in the U.S. and world, the health damage
suffered now is at least as much as 25 years ago(70). Pesticide residues in food and in drinking
water cause cancer and affect human nervous and reporductive systems throught their
effect on the endocrine/hormonal system.
While use of pesticides has risen
significantly, crop losses to pests have not declined correspondingly. Pesticides kill millions of fish, birds,
bees, and other plant pollinators each year, disrupting agricultural ecosystems
and making it harder for farmers to manage their crops. Integrated Pest Management, where natural and
biological controls replace some pesticide use, would be more ecologically and
economically effective in controlling pests(70).
22.
Thousands of pesticides now in use have not been adequately tested for the
ability to cause cancer, birth defects, and genetic damage in humans. The
current requirement for new pesticides is more rigorous. Thus the National Acadamy of Sciences estimates
that at least 20% of "old" pesticides pose a significant risk and 90
% of total cancer risk from pesticides comes from "old" pesticides.
Fillers and contaminants found in pesticide formulations are also known to
cause cancer and health problems(2). Pesticide residues in processed foods are
governed by the Food,Drug, and Cosmetic Act of
1954(FDCA). The Delaney Clause of that act prohibits setting a tolerance level
on pesticides on pesticides known to cause cancer(prohibits
use on foods that will be processed if any residue would result). A National
Acadamy of Sciences report found 31 violations of the Delaney Clause in which
EPA allows pesticide use of crops even though the pesticides are believed to
concentrate in processed foods and are carcinogenic. The report identified 778
processed foods that are likely to contain residues of one or more pesticides
suspected of causing cancer. The Committee recommended a uniform
"negligable risk standard" setting the standard as a risk of less
than one in one million for carcinogens used on all types of food, as well as
more consistent enforcement(2).
23. A
report published by the NRDC found that many of EPA's pesticide residue
tolerance levels are dangerously high, because of clearly unreasonable
assuptions they are developed under. For example the residue tolerance levels
are set assuming each individual eats the average amount of every fruit and
vegetable eaten by all Americans, which for any given fruit or vegetable is a
very small amount. Anyone eating any fruit or vegetable on a fairly regular
basis would be
exposed to risk much higher than that implied by the
tolerance level(24). Also tolerance values are based on amounts commonly found
in agricultural practice, not primarily on health or toxilogical considerations. Many tolerance values are much higher than
the EPA oral reference dose considered safe and if most vegetables contained
these levels would result in dietary exposure thousands of times higher than
the EPA RFD(66). The FDA has published
Action Levels for many pesticides and toxic substances(83).
24. An
international coalition of organizations(Pesticide
Action Coalition) each year publishes a dirty dozen list of pesticides based on
the level of serious health and environmental damage being caused by pesticides
worldwide(49). The most recent list includes: aldicarb, camphechlor, chlordane,
heptachlor, chlordimeform, DBCP, DDT, aldrin, endrin, EDB, HCH/BHC, lindane,
paraquat, parathion, methyl parathion, PCP, and 2,4,5-T. OC pesticides such as
lindane, chlordane, dieldren, aldrin,etc. have been found to cause multiple
chemical sensitivity(MCS) in many(153-157). Other OC chemicals have been found
to cause similar effects. They have been found to lower GABAA receptor activity
which increases NMDA activity (N-methyl-D-Aspartate). Increased NMDA activity has been documented
to cause MCS. DDT is still widespread in
the environment and is causing reproductive failures in birds, fish, and
animals and serious impacts on human health, even though its use is banned by
the U.S. and 49 other countries. Approx.
100 tons per year is still exported from the U.S. and is being distributed
worldwide by wind currents(48). Parathion is so acutely toxic that spilling
some on the skin can be fatal. Parathion is causing serious poisonings and
health effects worldwide and in the U.S. including birth defects, systemic and
respiratory illnesses. EPA has found
widespread serious health problems in workers even when all possible precautions
for its use are carried out(50). DBCP has caused sterility in thousands of
farm workers(50) and use has resulted in extensive
groundwater contamination in California.
EDB and other similar pesticides and fungicides have contaminated
groundwater throughout the U.S. including thousands of wells in Florida.
Aldrin, dieldrin and endrin are the most
acutely toxic organochlorine pesticides and have caused thousands of deaths in
addition to other widespread serious health damage(49,52,106). Lindane is a probable human carcinogin and
damages the nervous system and endocrine systems of people and animals. Lindane has also been found to be a common
cause of CFS, neurological problems, and multiple chemical sensitivities(87). Like most others on the list it is found in
the milk and tissues of people and animals around the world. Aldicarb has been responsible for the acute
poisoning of thousands in the U.S. and large numbers in Central America, and
extensive ground water contamination.
EPA toxicologists in 1989 estimated that tens of thousands of infants
and children were exposed each day to enough aldicarb residues in bananas and
potatos alone to pose a risk of illness(51). Chlordane is highly carcinogic, neurotoxic,
and endocrine and reproductive system disrupting(51,52,53). A survey of U.S. pesticide exports found
that over 55 tons of endocrine disrupting chemicals are exported each day, in
spite of most being banned from use in the U.S. and most developed countries.
Maternal exposure of one month or more
during the first 2 months of pregnancy resulted in a 240% increase in risk of
stillbirth due to congenital defects compared to controls(96). Women exposed in the home during early
pregnancy to cockroach and ant pesticides had a 70% increased incidence of
stillbirths due to congenital defects compared to controls. After Israel banned pesticides in their food
supply, their breast cancer rate decreased by over 75%(96).
25.
Pesticide mixtures in use include"active" and "inert"
ingrediants with the inerts making up usually over 95% of the mixture. "inert" solvents used to disolve
the active ingredients penetrate clothing and skin taking toxic active
ingredients with them, and many of the inerts like epicholorhydrin and
nonylphenol are neurotoxic or reproductive or developmental toxins. In spite of the toxicity of such inerts,
inert ingredients are not listed on pesticide labels and are considered trade
secrets.
26.
Epidemiology stuides on pesticides have found associations with hematological
cancer, nerurotoxic effects, neurobehavioral disorders, reproductive prolems
including birth defects and infertility, newborn deaths, etc .(76,79,104). Dibromochloropropane(DMCP)
has been found to cause mutations, cancer, testicular and reproductive
problems(77).
27.
Bacterial related illnesses are becoming more dangerous due to the growing
antibiotic resistance of many types of bacteria. WHO has called the situation extremely
serious and called for a drastic curtailment of antibiotics used in animal feed(76). Approx. 50%
of all antibiotics made in the U.S. end up in farm animals through feed. Antibiotic residues to
many of the commonly used antibiotics are found in beef in supermarkets and 4
antibiotic strains of bacteria have been transmitted from animals to humans:
salmonella, campylobacter, enterococci and E coli. Recent studies have found
that drug resistant strains of bacteria causing ear infections, sinuitis, and
pneumonia more than doubled since 1996, and similar for strains of bacteria in
U.S. rivers(84).
28. Rain
water in Europe has been found to have such high levels of pesticides that it
often far exceeds drinking water standards(81). Gov’t
studies have found high levels of atrazine, alachlor, 2-4-dinitrophenol, etc.
in rainwater. Water running off roof
materials treated with fungicide also had extremely high levels
.
29. In a
population of German patients suffering from neurological problems and multiple
chemical sensitivities, wood preservatives such as pentachlorophenyl were found
to be the most common cause(87). Other common exposures that appeared to be
factors in MCS included organic solvents, pyrethroides, and other
biocides. Pyrethrin pesticides have been
found to increase NMDA activity and to thus cause MCS and neurogenic and air
way inflammation(155-157). Type II pyrethrin
pesticides are GABAA antagonists which increase NMDA activity(155c).
Pyrethrum insecticides also have been found to have allergenic properties and
to induce asthma in susceptible people with at least one death(98). Animal studies have also found effects on
fertility and fertility outcomes for pyrethrum and rotenone(98),
as well as estrogenic and antiprogestagenic effects that may contribute to
reproductive dysfunction, developmental impairment, and cancer(98).
30.
Organochlorine and organophosphate pesticides have been found to induce
prenatal brain injury in animal studies and to result in functional deficits(89).
31. Chronic animal studies with a number of
organic solvents support the evidence for peripheral neuropathy and mild toxic encephalopathy
in solvent‑exposed workers.
''Epidemiologic studies of various groups of solvent‑exposed
workers(92) or pesticide/rodentcide exposed workers(104) have demonstrated statistically significant
chronic changes in peripheral nerve function (sensory and motor nerve onduction
velocities and electromyographic abnormalities) that persisted for months to
years following cessation of exposure. Epidemiologic studies have also shown
statistically significant increases in neurobehavioral effects in workers
chronically exposed to organic solvents(92) or
pesticides (101,104). These effects include disorders characterized by
reversible subjective symptoms (fatigability,irritability,
and memory impairment), sustained changes in personality or mood (mask faces,
emotional instability and diminished impulse control and motivation), and
impaired intellectual function (decreased concentration ability, memory, and
learning ability). Among organic solvent abusers, the most severe disorders reported are
characterized by irreversible deterioration in intellect and memory (dementia)
accompanied by structural CNS damage, muscle weakness, wasting,
tremors,etc....'' (92,101,104)
32. The
Pesticide Action Network Pesticide Database contains information on 5100
pesticide ingredients and over 100,000 formulated pesticide products. Where
available, chronic and acute toxicity,
regulatory status and aquatic ecotoxicity are listed with
each chemical(102).
33. Glyphosate-containing products(Roundup,
Rodeo, etc.) are acutely toxic to animals,
including humans. Symptoms include eye and skin irritation, cardiac
depression, gastrointestinal pain, vomiting, and accumulation of excess fluid
in the lungs. The surfactant used in a common glyphosate product (Roundup) is
more acutely toxic than glyphosate itself; the combination of the two is yet
more toxic.In animal studies, feeding of glyphosate for three months caused
reduced weight gain, diarrhea, and salivary gland lesions. Lifetime feeding of
glyphosate caused excess growth and death of liver cells, cataracts and lens
degeneration, and increases in the frequency of thyroid, pancreas, and liver tumors.
Glyphosate-containing products have caused genetic damage in human blood cells,
fruit flies, and onion cells. Glyphosate causes reduced sperm counts in male
rats, a lengthened estrous cycle in female rats, and an increase in fetal loss
together with a decrease in birth weights in their offspring. Animal studies have found evidence of
increased cancers from glyphosphate pesticides(126).
Roundup also disrupts thyroid function by disrupting
Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory (StAR) Protein expression(135). Other chemicals that have been found to
disrupt the StAR hormone function are lindane and Dimethoate.
Residues
of the commonly-used herbicide glyphosate have been found in a variety of
fruits and vegetables. Residues can be detected long after glyphosate
treatments have been made. Lettuce, carrots, and barley planted a year after
glyphosate treatment contained residues at harvest. In California, where reporting
of pesticide-caused illnesses is more comprehensive than in other states,
glyphosate exposure was the third most commonly-reported cause of pesticide
illness among agricultural workers. For landscape maintenance workers,
glyphosate ranked highest. Glyphosate
can drift away from the site of its application. Maximum drift distance of 400 to 800 meters (1300-2600 feet) have been
measured. Glyphosate residues in soil have persisted over a year. Although not expected for an herbicide,
glyphosate exposure damages or reduces the population of many animals,
including beneficial insects, fish, birds, and earthworms. In some cases
glyphosate is directly toxic; for example, concentrations as low as 10 parts
per million can kill fish and 1/20 of typical application rates caused delayed
development in earthworms. In other cases, (small mammals and birds, for
example) glyphosate reduces populations by damaging the vegetation that
provides food and shelter for the animals.
Glyphosate reduces the activity of nitrogen-fixing bacteria. These
bacteria transform nitrogen, an essential plant nutrient, into a form that
plants can use. Glyphosate reduces the growth of mycorrhizal fungi,
beneficial fungi that help plants absorb water and nutrients. Glyphosate also
increases the susceptibility of plants to diseases, including Rhizoctonia root
rot, take-all disease, fusarium,and anthracnose(126).
Several studies have found increased fusarium fungus populations in Round-up
treated fields- fusariam causes adverse health effects including death and also
adversely affects crop yields in treated fields and other fields it spreads to.
34. Pyrethroids, according to 5 different
published research studies, directly affect the brain's production of
glutamate, the sodium channel, and function of the nerve cell's mitochondria
(all suspected target areas of ALS)(127)
35.
Malathion at 17 ppm and parathion at 250 ppm body weight cause breast cancer in
female rats(110).
Trials indicate that the likely mechanism of causality is inhibition of
AchE, and any AchE inhibiter appears to cause cancer in female rats. This would imply that all organo phosphate
pesticides and many other chemicals are carcinogenic. Recent users of 2,4‑D
(foresters, verified by urine 2,4‑D) showed dose/response chromosone
aberations; and altered blood sex
hormone levels (elevated the pituitary's leutinizing hormone (LH) and,
consequently, testosterone), though (for this particular exposure) not far
outside typical ranges. Another type of
genetic damage‑‑PCR V(D)J rearrangements‑‑did
not correlate w/ urinary 2,4‑D levels, but did with herbicide use.
36. Fipronil
has been shown to mutate proteins and to kill human
liver cells
at extremely low concentrations of 0.1
nM. (44 ppt) the dose-response curve
was non-monotonic. In other words, the
smallest doses were more toxic
than larger ones. FrontLine (by Merial,
a joint venture between Merck and
Aventis) is
a popular flea and tick treatment for pets. It contains 9.8%
fipronil by weight. one day after
applying FrontLine to an adult dog, petting
it for just 5 minutes while wearing
gloves resulted in exposure of 600 ppm.
Termidor
termite treatment contains 9.1% fipronil by weight. Breakdown
metabolites are even more toxic than fipronil(149).
37. One study finds
that low-level exposure to the chemical bisphenol A (BPA) found in some plastic bottles and some
food cans can promote certain prostate cancers(150a). Independent
laboratory tests found
BPA which is associated with birth defects of the male and female
reproductive systems in over half of 97 cans of name-brand fruit, vegetables,
soda, and other commonly eaten canned goods(150b). Researchers at the Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention recently detected BPA in 95% of nearly 400
U.S. adults (150c).
38. A
large occupational health study found that those exposed to mercury or
pesticides occupationally had a significantly higher likelihood of having the
autoimmune condition, lupus (SLE) (151). This was especially true for dental
workers.
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1. Chlorophenoxy herbicides,
usually used for "broad‑leaf weeds." These are
by far the most dangerous because
they are incredibly toxic long‑lived
poisons on their own and they are
contaminated with dioxins. You'll see on
the packaging mentioning such
chemicals as 2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid
or 2,4 Dichlorophenoxypropionic
Acid (both abbrev as 2,4 D). Especially
dangerous are the trichlorinated
varieties, such as Picloram (3,5,6 T, also
called Tordon and Agent White),
Silvex (banned in the US, 2,4,5
Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid,
sometimes called domestic Agent Orange), Agent
Orange (used by the US military
in Vietnam, manufactured by Monsanto, Dow,
and several other companies).
These chemicals have a long and sordid
history of death, illness,
corporate negligence and genuine psychopathy, and
government oversight problems.
2. Atrazine and atrazine‑like
herbicides. Similar to the chlorophenoxy
herbicides in toxicity and
permanence, but used to kill everything standing on farms.
3. Phosphorus herbicides, such as glyphosate.
Kills everything except for
gene‑altered plants
tolerant to it. Primary manufactured by Monsanto, called
Roundup. Rated at low toxicity by
many sources, but there are reports of
Roundup poisoning incidents that
appear in the various pesticide monitoring
reports such as www.panna.org.
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