Mercury from Amalgam Fillings is a Common Cause of

MS, ALS, PD, SLE, RA, MCS,AD, etc.

Bernard Windham(Ed.), Chemical Engineer/Biostatistician

I. Introduction

Proper functioning of the human body and mind depends on interactions of the brain and CNS using neuronal signaling mechanisms with elaborate metabolic and enzymatic processes and respiration that occurs at the cellular level in the various organs and parts of the body, as controlled by low levels of hormones from the endocrine system. It will be shown that toxic substances, such as mercury that the body is chronically exposed to, accumulate in the brain, pituitary gland, CNS, liver, kidneys, etc. and can damage, inhibit, and cause imbalances at virtually any stage of these various processes at very low levels of exposure, which can have major neurological, immunological, and metabolic effects on an individual. Multiple Sclerosis(MS) is caused by the erosion of myelin, a substance which helps the brain send messages to the body. Metal particles entering the body can bind to this myelin. For those who are hypersensitive, this myelin-metal bond comes under attack from the immune system. This is called autoimmunity. In such cases, the progression of MS can be halted by removing the source of the metal(369,303b,35).

Mercury is known to be one of the most toxic substances commonly

encountered and to be along with lead and arsenic the toxic substances

adversely affecting the largest numbers of people(276). Dental amalgam is

documented by medical studies and medical lab tests to be the

largest source of both inorganic and methyl mercury in most people who

have several mercury amalgam fillings(599). Bacteria, yeasts, and Vitamin B12

methylate inorganic mercury to methyl mercury in the mouth and intestines (599,510)

and mercury inhibits functional methylation in the body, a necessary process (509).

The main factors determining whether chronic conditions are induced

by metals appear to be exposure and genetic susceptibility, which

determines individuals immune sensitivity and ability to detoxify metals

(405). Very low levels of exposure have been found to seriously affect

relatively large groups of individuals who are immune sensitive to toxic

metals, or have an inability to detoxify metals due to such as deficient

sulfoxidation or metallothionein function or other inhibited enzymatic

processes related to detoxification or excretion of metals.

A large epidemiological study of 35,000 Americans by the National Institute of Health, the nation's principal health statistics agency, found that there was a significant correlation between having a greater than average number of dental amalgam surfaces and having the a chronic condition such as epilepsy, MS, or migraine headaches. Fewer of those with this condition have zero fillings than those of the general population while significantly more of those with the condition have 17 or more surfaces than in the general population(543). MS clusters in areas with high metals emissions from facilities such as metal smelters have been documented(184).

As far back as 1996 it was shown that the lesions produced in the myelin sheath of axons in cases of multiple sclerosis were related to excitatory receptors on the primary cells involved called oligodendroglia. The loss of myelin sheath on the nerve fibers characteristic of the disease are due to the death of these oligodendroglial cells at the site of the lesions (called plaques). Further, these studies have shown that the death of these important cells is as a result of excessive exposure to excitotoxins at the site of the lesions(576,598). Most of these excitotoxins are secreted from microglial immune cells in the central nervous system. This not only destroys these myelin-producing cells it also breaks down the blood-brain barrier (BBB), allowing excitotoxins in the blood stream to enter the site of damage. Some common exposures that cause such proliferation of such excitotoxins resulting in MS are mercury and aspartame, with additional effects from MSG and methanol. Mercury and other toxic metals inhibit astrocyte function in the brain and CNS(119), causing increased glutamate and calcium related neurotoxicity (119,333,416,496) which are factors in neural degeneration in MS and ALS. There is evidence that astrocyte damage/malfunction is a major factor in MS(544). Mercury and increased glutamate activate free radical forming processes like xanthine oxidase which produce oxygen radicals and oxidative neurological damage(142,13). Nitric oxide related toxicty caused by peroxynitrite formed by the reaction of NO with superoxide anions, which results in nitration of tyrosine residues in neurofilaments and manganese Superoxide Dimustase(SOD) has been found to cause inhibition of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, inhibition of the glutamate transporter, and glutamate-induced neurotoxicity involved in ALS(524,521).

It is now known the cause for the destruction of the myelin in the lesions is overactivation of the microglia in the region of the myelin(598). An enzyme that converts glutamine to glutamate called glutaminase increases tremendously, thereby greatly increasing excitotoxicity. Any dietary excitotoxin can activate the microglia, thereby greatly aggravating the injury. This includes the aspartate in aspartame and MSG which is in many processed foods. The methanol in diet drinks adds to this toxicity as well. Now, the secret to treatment appears to be calming down inflammation of the microglia.

Mercury and cadmium inhibit magnesium and zinc levels as well as inhibiting glucose transfer are other mechanisms by which mercury and toxic metals are factors in metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance/diabetes (43,198,338,597). Reduced levels of magnesium and zinc are related to metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and brain inflammation and are protective against these conditions(595,43).

According to neurologist Dr. RL Blaylock(598), the good news is that there are supplements and nutrients that calm the microglia-the most potent are: silymarin, curcumin and ibuprophen. Phosphatidylcholine helps re-myelinate the nerve sheaths that are damaged, as does B12, B6, B1, vitamin D, folate, vitamin C, natural vitamin E (mixed tocopherols) and L-carnitine (576). A study demonstrated protective effects of methylcobalamin, a vitamin B12 analog, against glutamate- induced neurotoxicity(508), and similarly for iron in those who are iron deficient DHA plays a major role in repairing the myelin sheath. Vitamin D may even prevent MS, but it acts as an immune modulator, preventing further damage - the dose is 2000 IU a day. Magnesium, as magnesium malate, is needed in a dose of 500 mg 2X a day. They must avoid all excitotoxins, even natural ones in foods-such as soy, red meats, nuts, mushrooms and tomatoes. Avoid all fluoride and especially all vaccinations since these either inhibit antioxidant enzymes or triggers harmful immune reactions.

It has also been found that the antibiotic minocycline powerfully shuts down the microglia. Dr. Blaylock tried this treatment on a patient who just came down with fulmanant MS. He was confined to a wheelchair. He was placed on minocycline and now, just a few weeks later, he is walking.

The various neurological, immune, and metabolic related diseases discussed together here are diagnosed and labeled clinically based primarily on symptoms, along with tests for some underlying conditions found common in each disease. But each individual will be seen to have their own unique combination of neurological, endocrine, and enzymatic imbalances along with autoimmunities that result in the functional problems that lead to symptoms that are diagnosed as multiple sclerosis(MS) or Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis(ALS) or Alzheimer’s Disease(AD), or Parkinson’s Disease(PD), or Systemic Lupus Erythematosus(SLE), rheumatoid arthritis(RA), chronic fatigue syndrome(CFS), or oral lichen planus(OLP), etc.(100) However, a lot of commonality among these factors has been documented, both within specific diseases and among the various diseases discussed here. In MS, an autoimmune T-cell attack on CNS myelin sheath results in demyelinated plaques (405,etc.). Activated T-cells, plasma cells, and macrophages have been found in the demyelinated areas. ALS is a systemic motor neuron disease that affects the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts, ventral horn motor neurons, and motor cranial nerve nuclei(405,etc.). Approximately 10 percent of ALS cases are of the familial type that has been linked to a mutation of the copper/zinc super oxide dismustase gene(Cu/Zn SOD). The majority of ALS cases are of the sporadic type. There are many toxic substances as well as some common drugs(336) that have been found to be major factors in producing the functional conditions that result in these diseases. However mercury appears to be the most commonly implicated of these, and in particular mercury from amalgam fillings- as will be documented here. For the majority of cases there are now tests to identify the various factors involved in these types of diseases; and once an individual’s underlying causative factors have been identified, high success rates at cure or significant improvement are being achieved.

Clinical tests of patients with motor neurone disease( MND),ALS, PD, AD, SLE, and RA have found that the patients generally have damaged enzymatic processes resulting in elevated plasma cysteine to sulphate ratios, with the average being 500% higher than controls (330,331), and in general are poor sulphur oxidizers (33,331). High levels of free cysteine have been found to result in major neurological damage to the brain, CNS, and cellular processes(194,330,331). The two main enzymatic processes that down regulate cysteine to taurine, sulfates, and glutathione are cysteine dioxygenese(CDO) and gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase(GGCS). Impairment in CDO can result in high cysteine levels, high cysteine to sulfate ratio, low taurine levels, and neurological damage(194,330,331). GGCS converts cysteine to glutathione , which has been demonstrated to be necessary to detoxification of toxic substances like mercury(111). If this enzymatic process is blocked, inhibited, or overloaded by chronic high toxicity levels or autoimmune reactions, there is insufficient glutathione and toxic damage occurs due to immune inability to process the metal-organic compounds and the ROS created by exposure to mercury or other toxic substances(111,33,60,56). Another enzymatic process necessary for proper cellular metabolism is sulfite oxidase(SO) which is involved in conversion of toxic sulfur forms such as sulfites, sulfur dioxide(SO2), hydrogen sulfide(H2S), etc. to nontoxic sulfates(33). SO can be blocked or inhibited by mercury or other toxic exposures, resulting in more of these very toxic sulfur compounds. SO is commonly found to be totally blocked or inhibited in patients with MND,PD,AD,SLE,RA, etc.(330,331). Glutathione peroxidase(GPx) is another enzymatic process in this loop that is often affected, as well as the process involved in converting Vitamin B6 through the essential coenzyme pyrodoxal 5-phosphate(P5P) in the synthesis of neurotransmitters. Impairment in this process results in brain neurotransmitter imbalances. Individual patients with any of these diseases who commonly have been shown to have high ratio of cysteine to sulfate can thus have several different individual enzymatic blockages or imbalances that result in such high ratios, and different levels of neurological, immune, and cellular damage due to high cysteine levels or low glutathione levels. Autoimmune reactions have also been found to be commonly involved in such blockages or imbalances, particularly for those with the major diseases being considered here. This aspect will thus be further discussed.

V. Autoimmunity, Neurological and Immune Diseases, and Mercury

Mercury has been documented to cause autoimmune disease (45,91,234,269,270,291, 328,405) and many researchers have concluded that autoimmunity is a factor in the major chronic neurological diseases such as MS, ALS, PD, SLE,RA,etc.. Mercury and other toxic metals also form inorganic compounds with OH, NH2, CL, in addition to the SH radical and thus inhibits many cellular enzyme processes, coenzymes, hormones, and blood cells(405,600). Mercury has been found to impair conversion of thyroid T4 hormone to the active T3 form as well as causing autoimmune thyroiditis common to such patients(369,382). In general, immune activation from toxic metals such as mercury resulting in cytokine release and abnormalities of the hypothalamus‑pituitary‑adrenal(HPA) axis can cause changes in the brain, fatigue, and severe psychological symptoms (342,369,379‑382,385,405,118) such as profound fatigue, muscosketal pain, sleep disturbances, gastrointestinal and neurological problems as are seen in CFS, fibromyalgia, and autoimmune thyroidititis. Such hypersensitivity has been found most common in those with genetic predisposition to heavy metal sensitivity(60,342,369,382,405), such as found more frequently in patients with human lymphocyte antigens (HLA‑DRA) (381-383). A significant portions of the population appear to fall in this category.

The enzymatic processes blocked by such toxic substances as mercury

also result in chronic formation of metal‑protein compounds (HLA antigens

or antigen-presenting macrophages) that the body’s immune system(T-

lymphocytes) does not recognize, resulting in autoimmune reactions

(114,342,405). The metals bind to SH-groups on proteins which can then be

recognized as “foreign” and attacked by immune lymphocytes. Such has

been extensively documented by studies such as the documentation of the

autoimmune function test MELISA, a sophisticated immune/autoimmune test

which was developed to test for such reactions(60,405).

Very low doses and short term exposures of inorganic Hg (20-200 mug/kg) exacerbates lupus and accelerates mortality in mice. low dose Hg exposure increases the severity and prevalence of experimental autoimmune myocarditis induced by other factors. A strong significant correlation was found between occupational exposure to mercury or pesticides to lupus (SLE), with dental personal having a very high risk factor(113c). In a study of small-scale gold mining using mercury, there was a positive interaction between Hg autoimmunity and malaria. These results suggest a new model for Hg immunotoxicity, as a co-factor in autoimmune disease, increasing the risks and severity of clinical disease in the presence of other triggering events, either genetic or acquired(234f).

Autoimmune reactions to inorganic and methyl mercury have been found to be relatively independent, occurring in over 10% of controls. In the population of over 3,000 patients tested by MELISA, the following percentages tested positive for lymphocyte reactivity:

nickel-34%, inorganic mercury-22%, phenyl mercury-15%, methyl mercury-8%, gold-10%, palladium-10%, cadmium-11%, silver-1%. Groups with autoimmune symptoms such as oral lichen planus, CFS, MS, autoimmune thyroiditis, etc. generally have high percentages with lymphocyte reactivity to metals(60,342,369,405). Among a population of patients being tested for autoimmune problems, 94% of such patients had significant immune reactions to inorganic mercury(MELISA test,60,342,369,405) and 72% had immune reactions to low concentrations of HgCl2(<0.5 ug/ml). Of a population of 86 patients with CFS symptoms who had amalgam fillings replaced, 78% reported significant health improvement in a relatively short time period after replacent, and MELISA test scores had a significant reduction in lymphocyte reactivity compared to pre- replacement(369). Similar results were experienced for those with MS, lupus, and autoimmune thyroiditis(369). The MELISA test has proved successful in diagnosing and treating environmentally caused autoimmune diseases such as MS, SLE, oral lichen planus, CFS,etc. (60,313,342,369,405). A high percentage of patients subjectively diagnosed with CNS and systemic symptoms suggestive of mercury intoxication have been found to have immune reactivity to inorganic mercury(MELISA test,118), and likewise for MRI positive patients for brain damage. Controls without CNS problems did not have such positive correlations. Nickel, palladium, and gold have also been found to induce autoimmunity in genetically predisposed or highly exposed individuals (60,118,313,314,234,369,130). Tests have found a significant portion of people(over 10%) to be in this category and thus more affected by exposure to amalgam than others. Once compromised by a toxic substance that depletes the immune protectors and causes autoimmunity, the immune system is more susceptible to being sensitized to other toxic chemicals, a factor in multiple chemical sensitivity(MCS). Mercury also causes a reduction in thyroid production(50) and an accumulation in the thyroid of radiation. Among those with chronic immune system problems with related immune antibodies, the types showing the highest level of antibody reductions after amalgam removal include glomerular basal membrane, thyroglobulin, and microsomal thyroid antigens(91).

Mercury and toxic metals block enzymes required to digest milk casein and wheat gluten, resulting in increased IgA and IgG to gluten and IgA to casein ,as well as dumping morphine like substances in the blood that are neurotoxic and psychotic, as a major factor in schizophrenia, autism, ADHD, and MS (24-26). A mechanism in MS occurs due to a reduction in immune system activity. Specifically, it is the reduction in the number of the suppressor T-cells within the immune system that allows CD4 helper T-cells to do damage (102a,181,226, 314,405,507,513,514,20). Thus, during an acute relapse the overall number of T-cells is reduced, the normal balance of helper and suppressor T-cells is disrupted, and helper T-cells tend to predominate. This is most pronounced during an acute relapse, but a similar situation occurs although perhaps to a lesser extent, in chronic progressive MS. A double blind study using a potent opiate antagonist, naltrexone (NAL), produced significant reduction in neurological symptomology among the 56% most responsive to opioid effects in a population of autism patients(18,19). The behavioral improvements was accompanied by alterations in the distribution of the major lymphocyte subsets, with a significant increase in the T-helper-inducers and a significant reduction of the T-cytotoxic-suppressors and a normalization of the CD4/CD8 ratio. Low dose naltrexone (LDN) has been found to commonly be effective in reducing MS symptoms and exerbations, apparently due its opioid suppressive effects(20).

VI. Recovery from Chronic Neurological and Immune Related Diseases After Amalgam Removal and Mercury Detoxification

There are extensive documented cases (many thousands) where removal of amalgam fillings led to cure of serious health problems such as MS(369,35,94,95,102,163,170,212,222,271,291,302,468,470,34,229, 406,485,523), SLE(369,12,35,113,222,229,233,323,60), Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (8,35,60,212,293,229,222,232, 233,271,317,323,342,369, 376,382,440,470,523), muscular/joint pain/Fibromyalgia (35,222,293,317,322,369,440,468,470,523,94), depression (94,107,222,271,294,212,229,233,285e,317,322,376,453,465,468,485, 523,35,40), Rheumatoid Arthritis(35,95,103,212, 222,271, 322,358,470, 523), autoimmune thyroiditis (369,382,91), OralLichenPlanus(60,75,78,82,86, 87,90,94,101,133, 168,313), ALS(97,229,405,406,468-470,485,35), Parkinson’s/ muscle tremor (222,248,229,271,470,212,94,98,35), Alzheimer’s’s(204,35), and many other chronic conditions(600). In several of the studies, over 75% of those with MS and having amalgams replaced recovered or had significant improvement( 369,212(a),(b),(e),302,222,35). Some of the studies reported similar success rates for SLE and autoimmune thyroiditis, but with lower number of cases treated. There is consensus that dental amalgam is the main cause of oral lichen planus and most recover after amalgam replacement.

In one study all 6 of those tested for autoimmunity by the MELISA blood lymphocyte immune reactivity test were found to be immune reactive to mercury, and all had significant improvement in their condition after amalgam replacement, as well as reduction in immune reactivity(369). Out of 15 patients with lupus (SLE), 73% had significant improvement in health, and out of 8 with autoimmune thyroiditis 75% had significant improvement after amalgam replacement. The patients who did not have significant improvement were found to have immune reactivity to nickel which did not improve after amalgam replacement as the amalgam was not the source of the nickel exposure(369).

Clinical studies have found that patch testing is not a good predictor of success of amalgam removal, as a high percentage of those testing negative also recovered from chronic conditions after replacement of fillings(86,87,90). Follow up tests for autoimmune reaction to inorganic mercury after amalgam replacement have found that in most patients tested, the immune reaction as well as most symptoms disappear over time (60,313,405,etc.).

The level of mercury in the gums is often 1200 ppm near a gold cap on an amalgam filling(30,35,48,194). These levels are among the highest levels ever measured in tissues of living organisms, exceeding the highest levels found in chronically exposed chloralkali workers, those who died from mercury in Minamata, or animals that died from mercury poisoning. The FDA/EPA action level for warnings of dangerous levels in fish or food is 1 ppm.

Tests and Treatment

In a large German study of MS patients after amalgam revision, extraction resulted in 85% recovery rate versus only 16% for filling replacement alone (302,222). Another large clinic in Colorado has likewise found that more seriously affected cases often require more than simple replacement for successful treatment(35). Other clinics have found that recovery from serious autoimmune diseases, dementia, or cancer may require more aggressive mercury removal techniques than simple filling replacement due to body burden. This appears to be due to migration of mercury into roots & gums that is not eliminated by simple filling replacement. Also toxic metals, formaldehyde, and other toxic substances have been documented to accumulate in the jaw bone and tissue near teeth with multiple metals, as well as in pockets from extracted teeth and form cavitations(areas of toxic materials and diseased bone). Such cavitations and toxic bacteria accumulating from root-canaled teeth sometimes must be cleaned out before significant recovery can occur(200,35,302,222,207,etc.). There is a direct connection between the teeth and gums with the brain and CNS by both travel along nerve fibers and through the cranio-vertebral venous system for either toxic substances such as mercury or for bacteria(34,325,207,etc.), The following protocol is perhaps the most used protocol for treating these conditions and has had considerable success:

Huggins Total Dental Revision Protocol(35)

(a) history questionnaire and panel of tests.

(b) replace amalgam fillings starting with filling with highest negative current or highest negative quadrant, with supportive vitamin/mineral supplements.

(d) test and treat cavitations and amalgam tattoos where relevant

(e) supportive supplementation, periodic monitoring tests, evaluate need for further treatment(not usually needed).

note: after treatment of many cases of chronic autoimmune conditions such as MS, ALS, Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, CFS, Lupus, Rheumatoid Arthritis, etc., it has been observed that often mercury along with root canal toxicity or cavitation toxicity are major factors in these conditions, and most with these conditions improve after TDR if protocol is followed carefully(35,200,600). Other measures in addition to TDR that have been found to help in treatment of MS in clinical experience are avoidance of milk products, get lots of sunlight, supplementation of calcium AEP(448) and alpha lipoic acid(448b). Progesterone creme has been found to promote regrowth of myelin sheaths in animals(448c).

Tests suggested by Huggins/Levy(35) for evaluation and treatment of mercury toxicity:

(a) hair element test(386) (low hair mercury level does not indicate low body level)(more than 3 essential minerals out of normal range indicates likely metals toxicity)

(b) CBC blood test with differential and platelet count

(d) urinary mercury (for person with average exposure with amalgam fillings, average mercury level is 3 to 4 ppm;

lower test level than this likely means person is poor excretor and accumulating mercury, often mercury toxic(35)

(e) fractionated porphyrin(note test results sensitive to light, temperature, shaking)

(f) individual tooth electric currents(replace high negative current teeth first)

(g) patient questionnaire on exposure and symptom history

Based on the known mechanisms of damage found in these conditions, the authors of the study(463) suggest that supplementation with 100 mg MG, 25 mg vit B6, 10 mg vit B2, 15 mg Zn and 400 IU vit D and E, 100 &mgr;g Se, 180 mg EPA nd 120 mg DHA per day between 14 and 16 years of age may prevent MS, and reduce futher damage for those with the condition.

An Oregon researcher, Dr. R. Swank, found a significant correlation between MS and dietary fat(274) . He developed a low fat diet, with animal meat mostly replaced by fish or fish oil (with EPA/DHA) and olive oil. Studies found the Swank diet effective at reducing the effects of MS. European studies have confirmed his findings regarding connection of MS to high fat animal diets, and effectiveness of the Swank diet. Studies have also found deficiency in essential fatty acids to be associated with demyelination, again consistent with the Swank findings. Studies have also found protective effects of diets high in vegetable protein, dietary fiber, cereal fiber, vit C, vit D, thiamin, riboflavin, calcium, potassium, and magnesium. A study found increased vit D helpful in reducing MS effects. Additionally curcumin and Acetyl-L-Carnitine were found by studies to be neuroprotective. Both reduce inflammation/ oxidative stress. Extracts of green tea(EGCG) and black tea(theaflavins) also have been found to be highly effective at reducing inflammatory effects(274). A study comparing alternative treatment of MS to conventional treatment found the majority using alterntive treatments were satisfied with their treatment, and much lower adverse health effects from alternative treatments compared to convention treatments(273). Amalgam replacement was one of the alternatives used by some.

More information on causes, prevention, and treatment of autoimmune conditions can be found at the following review (100). Information on test and treatment options and doctors and dentists with experience at dealing with toxic metal related conditions can be obtained from DAMS (800-311-6265) or the dental and medical association IAOMT (http://www.iaomt.org/).

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(543) U.S. Centers for Disease Control, National Center for Health Statistics, NHANES III study(thousands of people’s health monitored), www.flcv.com/NHanes3.html

& http://www.mercola.com/article/mercury/no_mercury.htm

(544)Behan P and Chaudhuri A, Astrocyte malfunction as cause of MS, Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh; Nov 2002, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/2462005.stm

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(598) Overcoming Depression, Dr. Russell Blaylock, The Blaylock Wellness Report, Vol 5, No.

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(599) Documentation that dental amalgam is the largest source of both organic and inorganic mercury in most people who have several amalgam fillings, DAMS FS,

www.flcv.com/damspr1.html

(600) Annotated bibliography: Exposure levels and health effects related to mercury/dental amalgam and results of amalgam replacement, 2004;B Windham(Ed.), (over 4000 medical study references documenting mechanism of causality of 40 chronic conditions and over 60,000 clinical cases of recovery or significant improvement of these conditions after amalgam replacement-documented by doctors)

www.flcv.com/amalg6.html

(601) Cognitive and Behavioral Effects of Toxic Metal Exposures, 2002;B. Windham(Ed), (over 150 medical study references) www.flcv.com/tmlbn.html

(602) The mechanisms by which mercury causes chronic immune and inflamatory

condtions, B.Windham(Ed.), 2002, www.flcv.com/immunere.html

(603) The environmental effects of mercury from amalgam affect everyone. B.

Windham(Ed.) (Gov’t studies) www.flcv.com/damspr2f.html

(604) "Health, Hormonal, and Reproductive Effects of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals" (including mercury), Annotated Bibliography ,2002, B.Windham,

www.flcv.com/endohg.html

www.flcv.com/endocrin.html

(605) Mechanisms of mercury release from amalgam dental fillings: vaporization, oral galvanism, and effects of Electromagnetic fields,

www.flcv.com/galv.html

(606) Developmental and neurological effects of mercury vapor, B.Windham(Ed)

www.flcv.com/damspr13.html

Note: etc. when it is used in a list of references means that Author knows of several more references supporting the statement, in #600 for example, but doesn’t think them necessary here.