Neurological
and Immune Reactive Conditions Affecting Kids: The mercury connection to
neurological pervasive developmental disorders(autism,
schizophrenia, dyslexia, ADD, childhood depression, learning disabilities, OCD,
etc.) and developmental immune conditions(eczema, asthma, and allergies) Bernard Windham(Ed)
I.
Introduction
The incidence of neurotoxic, allergic,
and immune reactive conditions such as autism, schizophrenia, ADD, dyslexia,
allergies, asthma, eczema, psoriasis,
childhood diabetes, etc. have been
increasing rapidly in recent years(1,2,3,5,23,50,52,59,75,82,86,92). A report by the National Research Council in
2000 found that 50% of all pregnancies in the
The
Most of the
increase in children’s neurological or developmental conditions have been found
to be related to major increases in brain and immune system inflammation
related to increased exposure to toxic chemicals or dietary excitoxins of the 4
million
Studies indicate that over 60,000 children are born
each year with neurodevelopmental impairments due to prenatal exposure to
methyl mercury (45,46). But two other sources of mercury exposure
appear to have been more common and at higher levels than this, ethyl mercury from vaccines(23,33)
and mercury vapor from amalgam dental fillings (81,501), with Mom’s mercury
fillings being a the largest source of mercury in the fetus and a significant
source of mercury in infants(502,580). Vaccines have unacceptable levels of
many toxics such as mercury thimerosal, aluminum, formaldehyde, endotoxins, and
altered strains of viruses that cause brain inflammation and immune effects on
infants (580,582,598,52,570,571), with some more susceptible to such effects than
others based on genetics and other synergistic
toxic exposures.
II. A survey of thousands of parents of autistic
children or children with Asperger’s by the Autism Association found that
chelation/detoxification was by far the most effective treatment for autism and
also much safer than most drug treatments for autism spectrum conditions (110). This is consistent with the findings of most
autism treatment clinic tests that most autistic children tested are highly mercury
and metal toxic(603).
A study at the U.S. CDC found
"statistically significant associations" between neurologic developmental disorders such as autism,
attention deficit disorder(ADD) and speech disorders with exposure to mercury
from thimerosal‑containing vaccines before the age of 6 months
(62,80). An analysis of the U.S. CDC
VAERS database for adverse reactions from vaccines regarding effects of the
diptheria-tetanus-pertusis vaccine found that those receiving DTaP and DTucP
vaccines with thimerosal had significantly higher rates of autism, speech
disorders, and heart arrest than those receiving DtaP vaccine without
thimerosal, and that the rate of these increase exponentially with dose(81). The
Head of the CDC has admitted that mercury can cause autism in susceptible children (130). An analysis of the U.S. Dept. of Education
report on the prevalence of various childhood conditions among school children
found that the rate of autism and speech disorders increased with increasing
levels of thimerosal exposure from vaccines(81).
Mercury has been well documented to cause birth defects, spontaneous abortions,
and neurological problems(502,570), so these autism
related effects are not surprising.
A follow-up
study using DMSA as a chelator found that overall, urinary mercury
concentrations were significantly higher in children with autistic spectrum
disorders than in a matched control population, and that vaccinated cases
showed significantly higher urinary mercury concentrations than vaccinated controls(81b). This is consistent with other studies that
found that those who are poor excreters of mercury are more likely to
accumulate mercury and have adverse health effects. Changes in birth procedures
in hospitals such as immediate cord clamping has also been found to be a factor
in the increase in neurological developmental problems(83). Children with autism had significantly ( 2.1-fold) higher levels of mercury in baby teeth(90) and
blood(102), but similar levels of lead and similar levels of zinc. Baby teeth
are a good measure of cumulative exposure to toxic metals during fetal
development and early infancy(90). A study of environmental mercury levels in
Children
with autism also had significantly higher usage of oral antibiotics during
their first 12 mo of life. Children exposed to high levels or mercury and/or
toxic metals have been found to have weakened immune system and increased
susceptibility to pathogens(500,572). Tylenol,
antibiotics, and milk are
documented to increase the effects of mercury(570,571,etc.).
A new survey released recently indicates a strong correlation
between rates of neurological disorders, such as ADHD and autism, and childhood
vaccinations. The survey found vaccinated boys were two and a
half times (155%) more likely to have neurological disorders compared to
their unvaccinated peers. Vaccinated boys were 224% more likely to have
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and 61% more likely to have autism(93). For
older vaccinated boys in the 11-17 age bracket, the
results were even more pronounced. Vaccinated boys were 158% more likely to
have a neurological disorder, 317% more likely to have ADHD, and 112% more
likely to have autism. Other studies
have found similar results (92,50,131).
Also according to the U.S. FDA, at least
26 million have allergies, at least 17 million have asthma( 1b), 15 million
have systemic eczema( 82), and childhood diabetes is increasing rapidly(52,
etc.). Although Russian and
Over the last 20 years the percent of diabetes cases
below 20 years
old has increased from 2% to over 30%,
and there was a 70% in cases under 40 years of age between 1990 and
1998(52,50). Studies in the
DPT vaccinations
have also been linked to sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)(61,92a,m). DPT vaccines are mostly given at 2, 4, and 6
months of age and 85% of SIDS cases occur during this age span. One study found babies die at a rate 8 times
the normal rate within 3 days of DPT shots(60a), while
another found that among SIDS victims
61% had DPT within the 2 previous weeks and 13% within 24 hours of DPT
vaccination (60c). According to Dr. Harris Coulter, "Crib death" was
so infrequent in the pre-vaccination era that it was not even mentioned in the
statistics, but it started to climb in the 1950s with the spread of mass
vaccination against diseases of childhood." A monitoring study of infant breathing
patterns after DPT vaccinations showed large increases in breathing
difficulties including episodes of ceased breathing, which continued for months
after DPT in some cases(61b). Some cases of seizures after DPT were also
observed. Another study found
significantly higher rates of heart arrest in those getting DpaT vaccines with
mercury thimerosal compared to those without(81).
Prenatal exposure to mercury has also been found to predispose animals and
infants to seizures and epilepsy(85).
Many thousands of adverse reactions
and adverse health effects to the Gardasil HPV vaccine and many deaths (559).
The
computer records from the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program,
obtained by Gannett News Service using the Freedom of Information Act as part
of a four-month study of federal immunization policy, reveal:
Of
253 infant death cases awarded more than $61 million by the U.S. Court of
Federal Claims in the 1990s under the compensation program, 224, or 86 percent,
were attributed to vaccination with DTP, the diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis
(whooping cough) shot. In these cases, mortality was originally attributed to
SIDS in 90, or 40 percent, of them. (61g) The Vaccine
Court has awarded at least nine
judgments in favor of children who have become autistic or have had serious
damage from MMR vaccine.
The effect of metals in vaccines on peptides
from milk and gluten have been
suggested as another mechanism causing apnea in infants and some SIDS cases(24,26).
Of
771 total claims filed by parents from 1990 through mid-1998, 660, or 86
percent, contained assertions that DTP was the cause of death. And 43 percent were classified by
medical authorities at time of death as SIDS cases.
A
second federal database tends to draw a similar connection. This one, for the
1990s from the Food and Drug Administration, contains 460 reports of children
who died within three days of receiving shots containing DTP. Of those 460
reports, 266 -- or 58 percent -- listed SIDS as a ``reaction.''
That database is called VAERS, for Vaccine Adverse
Event Reporting System. It was ordered by Congress to track dangerous reactions
to the shots all babies must receive as admission to our society. In typical
federalese, the FDA refers to death as an “adverse event'' or a “reaction.'' By
law, reports of reactions to DTP and other vaccines are supposed to be made
religiously by doctors, pharmaceutical companies and public health clinics. But
former FDA commissioner David A. Kessler has estimated the reports ``represent
only a fraction of the serious adverse events'' -- perhaps as few as 10
percent. Dr. Marcel Salive, chief of the FDA's epidemiology staff, says, ``Any number you get, take with a grain of salt.'' (61g) Some
spokespersons at various government and medical institutions have continued to
deny the strong evidence that vaccines are a major factor in autism and other
conditions, however they can identify no credible evidence to support their
opinion that I’ve aware of. Most such
have been found to have significant connections to special interests and no
credible paper or clinical evidence has been provided to support their position
that has not been credibly debunked in Congressional Hearings and other
documentation (570,571,etc.)
Vaccines
contain immune adjuvants such as aluminum and mercury thimerosal that cause
stimulation and activation of the immune system(598,580,582,570,571). This has been found to cause high levels of
brain inflammation with increased free radicals and inflammatory cytokines over
prolonged periods of time, as long as a year from one vaccination. Brain
inflammation has been found to be a major factor in irritability, anxiety,
depression, insomnia, and neurological conditions including ADHD,
schizophrenia, and autism(598,22a). Aluminum has also been
found to significantly increase the effects of other toxics such as mercury
through synergistic effects
(582,571). Autistic
children have been found to have on average 3 times as much aluminum in erythrocytes
as non- autism children(571). There is new evidence
supporting a link between the aluminum hydroxide used in vaccines, and symptoms
associated with Parkinson's, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig's
disease), and Alzheimer's(582,571).
With large numbers of vaccines being given in recent
years in rapid succession, the brain of infants becomes increasingly
overexcited and inflamed, resulting in brain damage and disruption of brain
development. Vaccine adjuvants, mercury from mother’s amalgam fillings(502),
and dietary excitotoxins such as MSG and soy products have all been found to be
major factors in the brain inflammation causing large numbers of developmental
neurological conditions in children(598,580,582,etc.).
Mercury has been found to cause an increase in inflammatory
Th2 cytokines(58,500,22). In the pancreas, the cells responsible for
insulin production can be damaged or destroyed by the chronic high levels of
cytokines, with the potential of inducing type II diabetes - even in otherwise
healthy individuals with no other risk factors for diabetes(52).
Mercury inhibits production of insulin and is a factor in diabetes and
hypoglycemia, with significant reductions in insulin need after replacement of
amalgam filings and normalizing of blood sugar(52,500). In addition to this mechanism, other links
between vaccines and diabetes have also been found and there is evidence
vaccines are the number one cause of Type I diabetes in young children(52).
The largest increase in neurological
and immune conditions has been in infants (1,2,5-7,23,4,50,81,92), with an
increase in autism cases to over 500,000 (1,2,23,86), an over 900% increase to
a level of approx. 1 per 500 infants in the last decade(2ab), making it the 3rd
most common chronic childhood condition. For 1999 through 2002, the number of
professionally diagnosed in
It has been estimated that
if all of the vaccines recommended by the American Assoc. of Pediatrics are
given and contain thimerosal, then by age 6 months an infant would have
received 187 micrograms of ethyl mercury which is more than the EPA/ATSDR
health standard for organic mercury (33,41,81) and by age 3 the typical child
has received over 235 micrograms of mercury thimerosal from vaccinations which
is considerably more than Federal mercury safety guidelines(41,81,501), in
addition to significant levels from other sources for many(23). Infants during
this period have undeveloped blood brain barriers and much of the mercury goes
to the brain, resulting in significant adverse neurological effects in those
that are most susceptible (43,3). The
bioaccumulation in the brain and toxic effects of ethyl mercury are comparable
to that of methyl, with mercury accumulation in the brain and physical effects
actually being more extensive (79,88,89).
Researchers on
autism have found and are in agreement that autism is primarily caused by
various disruptions in the body’s homeostasis that result in a cascade of
systemic problems characterized by the term “autism”. (581,etc.) Vaccines
and mercury have been found to be something that is capable of causing such a
disruption in the body’s homeostasis in susceptible individuals.
1.
Brain inflammation from exposure to excitotoxins
Brain inflammation has been found to
be a major factor in autism, and in the sometimes related metabolic syndrome
(598,603,etc.).
Causes of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidative related brain
inflammation that have been documented include vaccines, mercury, aluminum,
excitotoxins such as MSG, aspartame, food additives, and overconsumption of
high-fructose corn sweetener. These
cause high glutamate levels in the brain and oxidative damage –resulting in
inflammation of the brain and immune system, as well as damage to brain
microglia cells and the mitochondrial
Mercury and other toxic metals
inhibit astrocyte function in the brain and
Nitric oxide related toxicty caused
by peroxynitrite formed by the reaction of NO with superoxide anions, which
results in nitration of tyrosine residues in neurofilaments and manganese
Superoxide Dimustase(SOD) has been found to cause inhibition of the
mitochondrial respiratory chain, inhibition of the glutamate transporter, and
glutamate-induced neurotoxicity (524,521).
Mitochondrial DNA mutations or dysfunction is fairly common, found in at
least 1 in every 200 people(275), and toxicity effects
affect this population more than those with less susceptibility to
mitochondrial dysfunction.
These inflammatory processes damage cell
structures including
Inflammation induced by vaccine adjuvants like
aluminum and mercury or by excitotoxins like MSG has been found to play a
significant role in insulin resistance(type-2 diabetes) and in high levels of
Reduced levels of magnesium and
zinc are related to metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and brain inflammation
and are protective against these conditions(599,43). Mercury and cadmium inhibiting magnesium and
zinc levels as well as inhibiting glucose transfer are other mechanisms by
which mercury and toxic metals are factors in metabolic syndrome and insulin
resistance/diabetes (43,198,338,597).
2.
Impairment of methionine synthase function and
impairment of folate-depdendent methylation.
The authors of 2 new studies of thimerosal
developmental effects(88) write: "Our studies... provide evidence
that mercury, aluminum, other heavy metals and the vaccine preservative
thimerosal potently interfere with [methionine synthase] activation and impair
folate-dependent methylation. In
vitro, mercury and thimerosal in levels found several days after vaccination
inhibit methionine synthetase (MS) by 50%. Normal function of MS is crucial in biochemical steps
necessary for brain development, attention and production of glutathione, an
important antioxidative and detoxifying agent. Repetitive doses of thimerosal
leads to neurobehavioral deteriorations in autoimmune susceptible mice,
increased oxidative stress and decreased intracellular levels of glutathione in
vitro. Subsequent to vaccination, autistic children have significantly
decreased level of reduced glutathione. Since each of these agents has been linked to
developmental disorders, our findings suggest that impaired methylation,
particularly impaired
Citing Stajich et al 2002
(J Peds) and Pichichero et al 2002 (Lancet), Waly(88a) et al write: "A
single thimerosal-containing vaccination produces acute ethylmercury blood
levels of 10-30nM..., and blood samples in 2-month-old infants, obtained 3-20
days after vaccination, contain 3.8-20.6 nM ethylmercury. Our studies therefore
indicate the potential for thimerosal to cause adverse effects on [methionine
synthase] activity at concentrations well below the levels produced by
individual thimerosal-containing vaccines. A second study notes that it has been
found that those with autism generally had higher levels of exposure to mercury
from their mother’s amalgam fillings or other sources prenatally (88b,50b). Another study on mice supported the autism/thimerosal
connection(88c). Many other studies have documented
the vaccine/thimerosal connection to autism(91-104).
Because of the evidence
the FDA has completed a study and written a letter to vaccine manufacturers
asking that mercury be removed from vaccines. The updated letter stated, "The Center for
Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER) has completed its evaluation of the
use of thimerosal in vaccines.. Our review concluded
that reducing or eliminating thimerosal from vaccines is merited(44). The letter pointed to a joint statement by
the
Many
thousands of parents have reported that their child got such conditions after
vaccination, and tests have confirmed high levels of mercury and aluminum in
most of those tested, along with other toxic exposures. An additional source of thimerosal to the
fetus of women who are RH negative is the 30 micrograms in the RhoGAM shot they
receive, which has been found to be a significant factor in autism incidence(81c,86). Mother’s of children with
neurodevelopmental disorders, autism, or ADHD treated by 2 clinics were
compared to a set of mother’s from a control group of children for
Rh-Negativity. Prior to 2002 when thimerosal use in vaccines was reduced, the
group of mother’s of children with neurodevelopmental disorders or conditions
were more than 25% more likely to have Rh-Negativity than mother’s of the
control group(81d).
After 2002, there was no significant difference in Rh-negativity
incidence between mother’s of children with ND
disorders versus controls.
Underweight
infants that get the same dose of thimerosal as other infants have also been
found to be at special risk. Many of
those diagnosed with high mercury levels have also been found to have
significant improvement after mercury detoxification (23,30,40,11,35,51). Thimerosal had been previously removed from
similar preservative uses in eye drops and eye medications after evidence of a
connection to chronic degenerative eye conditions.
After over
15,000 law suits were filed in
Dr. Gherardi, the French physician who first described the
condition in 1998, has collected over 200 proven cases,
One third of these developed an autoimmune disease, such as multiple sclerosis.
Of critical importance is his finding that even in the absence of obvious
autoimmune disease there is evidence of chronic immune stimulation caused by
the injected aluminum, known to be a very powerful immune adjuvant. The reason
this is so important is that there is overwhelming evidence that chronic immune
activation in the brain (activation of microglial cells in the brain) is a
major cause of damage in numerous degenerative brain disorders, from multiple
sclerosis to the classic neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's disease,
Parkinson's and ALS). In fact, I have presented evidence that chronic immune
activation of CNS microglia is a major cause of autism, attention deficit
disorder and Gulf War Syndrome. Dr. Gherardi emphasizes that once the aluminum
is injected into the muscle, the immune activation persists for years. In
addition, we must consider the effect of the aluminum that travels to the brain
itself. Numerous studies have shown harmful effects when aluminum accumulates
in the brain. A growing amount of evidence points to high brain aluminum levels
as a major contributor to Alzheimer's disease and possibly Parkinson's disease
and ALS (Lou Geherig's disease). This may also explain the 10X increase in
Alzheimer's disease in those receiving the flu vaccine 5 years in a row. (Dr.
Hugh Fudenberg,
Journal of Clinical Investigation).
Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome(Kawasaki
syndrome) is an autoimmune disease that manifests
as a multisystemic necrotizing medium vessel vasculitis that is largely seen in
children under 5 years of age, which affects many organs, including the skin,
mucous membranes, lymph nodes, and blood vessel walls, but the most serious
effect is on the heart where it can cause severe aneurysmal dilations in
untreated children. Medical literature,
epidemiological findings, and some case reports have suggested that mercury may play a pathogenic role(573).
Several patients with Kawasaki's Disease have presented with elevated urine
mercury levels compared to matched controls. Most symptoms and diagnostic
criteria which are seen in children with acrodynia, known to be caused by mercury,
are similar to those seen in Kawasaki's Disease. Genetic depletion of
glutathione S-transferase , a susceptibility marker
for Kawasaki's Disease, is known to be also a risk factor for acrodynia and may also increase susceptibility to mercury . Coinciding
with the largest increase (1985-1990) of thimerosal (49.6% ethyl mercury) in
vaccines, routinely given to infants in the U.S. by 6 months of age (from
75microg to 187.5microg), the rates of Kawasaki's Disease increased ten times,
and, later (1985-1997), by 20 times. Since 1990 88 cases of patients developing
Kawasaki's Disease some days after vaccination have been reported to the
Centers of Disease Control (CDC) including 19% manifesting symptoms the same
day.
Although vaccinations
appear to be the largest source of mercury in many infants, mercury has been
found to be transmitted from the mother to the fetus through the placenta and
accumulate in the fetus to higher levels than in the mother’s blood(50b,123). Infants
of mothers who had dental work involving amalgam during pregnancy had
significantly higher levels of mercury in hair tests(78,86). Breast
milk of women who have amalgam fillings is the 2nd largest source of mercury in
infants and young children(50b,69), but eating a lot of fish has also been found to
be a significant source(45). Milk increases the bioavailability and
retention of mercury by as much as double(50b,68,69) and mercury is often
stored in breast milk and the fetus at much higher levels than that in the
mother's tissues (50b,69). Inorganic mercury has been shown to be excreted to
milk from plasma to a higher extent than methylmercury(123c). Mercury is transferred mainly by
binding to cassein(68,24). The level of mercury in
breast milk was found to be significantly correlated with the number of amalgam
fillings(69), with milk from mothers with 7 or more
fillings having levels in milk approx. 10 times that of amalgam-free mothers.
The mercury in milk sampled ranged from 0.2 to 6.9 ug/L. Prenatal
mercury exposure can also developmentally damage the metals detox system of the
liver which can lead to accumulation and toxicity of later metals exposure(50b).
A group of Chinese children with
autism were diagnosed as having mercury toxicity from eating fish as a major
factor in their conditions (162). Overall, it was estimated that the children
examined received an estimated median mercury dose of 0.40 micrograms mercury /
kilogram bodyweight / week (0.06 micrograms mercury / kilogram bodyweight /
day). This is a remarkably low dose of
mercury considering that children receiving Thimerosal-containing childhood
vaccines on average received 10 to 20 micrograms mercury / kilogram bodyweight
/ day and the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) methylmercury safety
limit is 0.1 micrograms mercury / kilogram bodyweight / day), and yet these
children had very serious adverse outcomes.
A recent study found that prenatal mercury
exposures and susceptibility factors
such as ability to excrete mercury appear to be a major factors in those with
chronic neurological conditions like autism(86). Infants whose mothers received prenatal Rho D
immunoglbulin injections containing mercury thimerosal or whose mother’s had
high levels of amalgam fillings had a much higher incidence of autism. While the hair test levels of mercury of
infants without chronic health conditions like autism were positively
correlated with the number of the mother’s amalgam fillings, vaccination
thimerosal exposure, and mercury from fish, the hair test levels of those with
chronic neurological conditions such as autism were much lower than the levels
of controls and those with the most severe effects had the lowest hair test
levels, even though they had high body mercury levels. This is consistent with past experience of
those treating children with autism and other chronic neurological conditions(23). Very low levels of exposure have been found
to seriously affect relatively large groups of individuals who are immune
sensitive to toxic metals(11,35), or have an inability to detoxify metals due to
such as deficient sulfoxidation or metallothionein function(18,36,51) or
other inhibited enzymatic processes related to detoxification(15-24,30) or
excretion of metals(87). Those with the
genetic allele ApoE4 protein in the blood have been found to detox metals
poorly and to be much more susceptible
to chronic neurological conditions than those with types ApoE2 or E3(87).
3. Mercury and toxic metals block enzymes required to digest
milk casein and wheat gluten, resulting in dumping morphine like substances in
the blood that are neurotoxic and psychotic, as a major factor in
schizophrenia, autism, and ADHD.
A direct mechanism involving
mercury’s inhibition of cellular enzymatic processes by binding with the
hydroxyl radical(SH) in amino acids appears to be a major part of the
connection to these allergic/immune reactive conditions(15-23,36,47,51,98). For
example mercury has been found to strongly inhibit the activity of xanthine
oxidase and dipeptyl peptidase (DPP IV) which are required in the digestion of
the milk protein casein or wheat protein gluten (15,16,17,19,20,500,23-26,98,105),
and the same protein that is cluster
differentiation antigen 26 (CD26) which
helps T lymphocyte activation. CD26 or DPPIV is a cell surface glycoprotein
that is very susceptible to inactivation by mercury binding to its cysteinyl
domain. Mercury and other toxic metals also inhibit binding of opioid
receptor agonists to opioid receptors, while magnesium stimulates binding to
opioid receptors(15). Studies involving large samples
of patients with autism, schizophrenia,
or mania found that over 90 % of those tested had high levels of the milk
protein beta-casomorphine-7 in their blood and urine and defective enzymatic
processes for digesting milk protein(24,25,27), and similarly for the
corresponding enzyme needed to digest wheat gluten(24,26). Like
casein, gluten breaks down into molecules with opioid traits, called
gluteomorphine or gliadin. As with caseomorphin, it too can retain biological
activity if the enzymes needed to digest it are not functioning properly..
Proteins in bovine
milk are a common source of bioactive peptides. The peptides are released by
the digestion of caseins and whey proteins (105). In vitro the bioactive peptide
beta-casomorphin 7 (
The studies found high levels of Ig A antigen specific antibodies for casein, lactalbumin and
beta-lactoglobulin and IgG and IgM for casein.
Beta-casomorphine-7
is a morphine like compound that results in neural disfunction
(24,25), as well as being a direct histamine releaser in humans and inducing
skin reactions (14,21,25c). Similarly
many also had a corresponding form of gluten protein with similar
effects(24,26). Elimination of milk and wheat products and sulfur
foods from the diet has been found to improve the condition(100,28,etc.). A double blind study using a potent opiate
antagonist, naltrexone (NAL), produced significant reduction in autistic
symptomology among the 56% most responsive to opioid effects(28). The behavioral improvements
was accompanied by alterations in the distribution of the major
lymphocyte subsets, with a significant increase in the T-helper-inducers and a
significant reduction of the T-cytotoxic-suppressors and a normalization of the
CD4/CD8 ratio. Studies have found
mercury causes increased levels of the CD8 T-cytotoxic-suppressors(29). As noted previously, such populations of
patients have also been found to have high levels of mercury and to recover
after mercury detoxification(23,11,500,30,40,100). As mercury levels are reduced the protein
binding is reduced and improvement in the enzymatic process occurs (500,11,96). The
neurotoxic effects of such opioid mechanisms has also been found to be a factor
in multiple sclerosis, and low dose naltrexone (LDN) has been found to often be
effective in reducing MS symptoms and exerbations(115).
Lactose Intolerance
Lactose (milk sugar), which is a
major component of milk, is a disaccharide sugar made up of the simple sugars glucose
and galactose (132). Lactase is an
enzyme which facilitates digestion of lactose. Over 50% of non-Caucasians are lactose
intolerant, to a significant degree and about 20% of Caucasians. Infants are
most lactose tolerant but lactase activity declines dramatically over time so
that by adulthood to about 5 to 10 % of the level of infants. Only a relatively
small percentage of people retain enough lactase activity to absorb significant
amounts of lactose throughout their adult life (132). Lactose intolerance results
in undigested lactose in the intestines which often causes gas, bloating,
abdominal discomfort, and proliferation of bacteria in the intestines. In
addition to inhibiting the enzymes required to digest milk casein and whey, chronic
mercury exposure in animals has also been found to inhibit lactase and
glucose-6-phosphatase needed to digest lactose and other polysaccharides (19b).
Thus chronic exposure to mercury and toxic metals also increases lactose intolerance
and digestion problems of carbohydrates in general. Digestive problems have been found to commonly be improved by reducing
chronic mercury and toxic metal exposures.
Lactose intolerance can also be
alleviated to some degree by supplemental enzymes, using fermented milk
products such as yogurt or kefir, or using only small amounts of milk products
spread throughout the day(132).
Studies
have also found heavy metals to deplete glutathione and bind
to protein-bound sulfhydryl SH groups, resulting
in inhibiting SH-containing enzymes and production of reactive oxygen species
such as superoxide ion, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radical(39,43,45-47,
63-65,89,97,500). In addition to forming
strong bonds with SH and other groups like OH,NH2, and Cl in amino acids which
interfere with basic enzymatic processes, toxic metals exert part of their
toxic effects by replacing essential metals such as zinc at their sites in
enzymes. An example of this is mercury’s disabling of the metallothionein
protein, which is necessary for the transport and detoxification of
metals. Mercury inhibits sulfur ligands in MT and in the case
of intestinal cell membranes inactivates MT that normally bind cuprous ions(66), thus allowing buildup of copper to toxic levels in
many and malfunction of the Zn/Cu SOD function. Another large study(51)
found a high percentage of autistic and PDD children are especially susceptible to metals due to the
improper functioning of their metallothionein detoxification process, and that
with proper treatment most recover.
Mercury has also been found to play a part in neuronal problems through
blockage of the P‑450 enzymatic process(67,89). Another
study found accelerated lipofuscin deposition--consistent with oxidative injury
to autistic brain in cortical areas serving language and communication(97).
Compared with controls, children with autism had significantly higher urinary
levels of lipid peroxidation. Double-blind, placebo-controlled trials of potent
antioxidants--vitamin C or carnosine--significantly improved autistic behavior.
4. Mercury induced reactive
oxygen species and lipid peroxidation has been found to be a major factor in
mercury’s neurotoxicity, along with leading to decreased levels of glutathione
peroxidation and superoxide dismustase (SOD) (63,89). This has been found to be
a major factor in neurological and immune damage caused by the heavy metals,
including damage to mitochondria and
Additional cellular level enzymatic effects of
mercury’s binding with proteins include blockage of sulfur oxidation processes
such as cysteine dioxygenase, gamma‑
glutamyltranspeptidase(GGT), and sulfite oxydase, along with neurotransmitter
amino acids which have been found to be significant factors in many
autistics(18,36,47,17,100c), plus enzymatic processes involving vitamins B6 and
B12, with effects on the cytochrome-C energy processes as well. For example, the Vitamin B6 activating
enzyme, B6-kenase, is totally inhibited in the intestine at extremely low(nanamolar) concentrations(56). Epson salts(magnesium
sulfate)baths, supplementation with the p5p form of Vit B6, N-acetyl
cysteine(89), and vit B12 shots are methods of dealing with these enzymatic
blockages that have been found effective by those treating such
conditions. Mercury has also been found
to have adverse
effects on cellular mineral levels of calcium, magnesium, zinc, and lithium(39,500,47,50,100c). Supplementing with these minerals has also
been found to be effective in the majority of cases(39,50,100c),
and lithium has even been found to cause regeneration of neurons in damaged
areas of the brain such as the hippocampus.
Another of the results of these toxic exposures and enzymatic blockages
is the effect on the liver and disfunction of the liver detoxification
processes which autistic children have been found to have (30,36,51,500). All of the autistic cases tested were found
to have high toxic exposures/effects and liver detoxification profiles outside
of normal(30a).
5. Another aspect of
gastrointestinal dysfunction that is found in the majority of autism cases are
intestinal inflammation, enterocolalitis, lymphondular hyperplsia, abnormal
intestinal permeability, or malabsorption(17,53,580). The intestinal damage
also causes improper functioning of the buffering mechanism that maintains
blood PH and of enzyme functions. Such damage to the intestines and
gastrointestinal processes are known from animal studies to be caused by
mercury and other toxic metals(54). Inorganic mercury is the predominant excretionary form
in the intestines, whatever the source form.
All forms are absorbed by the intestines and inorganic mercury
accumulates in intestinal tissues, especially in young animals or infants(55), which are known to have poor biliary excretion
of mercury. As noted previously children
in the
Along with these
blockages of cellular enzymatic processes, mercury has been found to cause
additional neurological and immune system effects in many through
immune/autoimmune reactions(11,12,35,104). Mercury (32b,500) as
well as thimerosal(31,32a), aluminum(32c),
and other toxic metals(50) also have direct neurotoxic effects on brain
nucleoid binding proteins through their effect on Ca2+ATPase and Na+/K+ATPase
activity. But the effects on the
neurological and immune systems of exposure to various toxic substances such as
toxic metals and environmental pollutants has also been found to have additive
or synergistic effects and to
be a factor in increasing eczema,
allergies, asthma, delayed food allergies, and sensitivity to other
lesser allergens(14,500,582,35,50).
Most of the children tested for toxic exposures have found high or
reactive levels of other toxic metals, and organochlorine compounds (30,40,11,12,35,48).
Other than the organochlorines or toxic metals which are discussed
later, three common pollutants that have been documented to have effects on
such conditions are traffic and industrial pollutants nitrogen oxide, power
plant residual oil fly ash, and organochlorine pollutants(48).
Mercury
has also been found to cause reduced acetylycholine levels(77)
and to be a factor in autism. When the
author succeeded in removing
excessive metal deposits using cilantro and upregulation
techniques, he found Acetylcholine suddenly increased towards a normal
level, short-term memory, the ability to
concentrate and think clearly improved significantly; and often those who had abnormal or anti-social
and irritable behavior returned to more acceptable behavior.
Another effect of mercury and toxic metals is a
reduction in B- lymphocytes (37,38,50,500). Many studies(37,580) dealing with autistic
patients and further work with such patients has found toxic metal exposure
causes a tendency to be more seriously affected by viruses and to develop
intestinal disorders including leaky
gut, lymphoid modular hyperplasia, and a
high incidence of parasites. Gut disease with inflammation has
become increasingly evident in autism(37). Enterocolitis and lymphonodular hyperplasia
are found in nearly 90% of regressed autistic children (37d). Widespread
inflammatory changes with poor intestinal digestive enzyme activity
, abnormal intestinal permeability , and malabsorption have been reported in various autistic
subgroups(37e,580). Studies have found
that mercury has similar effects on animals (37b,42).
causing a loss of homeostasis between the
amino acids glycine and glutamate has been demonstrated(581). Also, mercury exposure has been shown to
disrupt immune system homeostasis making the systems more susceptible to
infectious agents such as measles virus and other viruses(22,598). The
stabilizer in MMR and a few other vaccines is hydrolyzed gelatin; a substance
that is approximately 21% glycine. It appears that, based on studies, that the
use of that form of glycine triggers an imbalance between the amino acid
neurotransmitters responsible for the absorption rate of certain classes of
cells throughout the body. It is that wide-spread disruption that apparently
results in the systemic problems that encompass the mind and the body
characterized in today's 'classic' autism." The
authors also added, "The use of our model indicates each of the disorders
within Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is attributable to different disruptions
in homeostasis.
Metals by binding to SH radicals in proteins and other
such groups can cause autoimmunity by modifying proteins which via T-cells
activate B-cells that target the altered proteins inducing autoimmunity as well
as causing aberrant
Studies have also found mercury, aluminum,
and lead cause autoantibodies to neuronal proteins, neurofilaments, and myelin
basic protein (73,74,104,571). While zinc binding with
8. Parathyroid Hypertensive
Factor (PHF) is produced by the parathyroid gland and is measurable by the
9. An IRB approved study assessing urinary
levels of porphyrins found an apparent dose-response effect between autism
severity and increased urinary coproporphyrins(91).
For patients with non-chelated autism (83% had levels > 2 SD above the
control mean) and for children with non-chelated AutismSpectrumDisorders (58%
had levels > 2 SD above the control mean), but for patients with
non-chelated pervasive developmental delay-not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) or
Asperger's disorder (46% had levels > 2 SD above the control mean). Each
group of ASDs had significantly increased median coproporphyrin levels versus
controls. A significant increase (1.7-fold) in median coproporphyrin levels was
observed among non-chelated
Following up other studies showing higher than normal
androgen levels in most autistic patients, a study found increased androgen
levels in virtually all of a group of autistics. Morning blood samples
collected following an overnight fast, compared to the pertinent reference
means, showed significantly increased relative mean levels for: serum
testosterone (158%), serum free testosterone (214%), percent free testosterone
(121%), DHEA (192%), and androstenedione (173%). A medical hypothesis has
suggested that some autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) may result from
interactions between the methionine cycle-transsulfuration and androgen
pathways following exposure to mercury.
A study following treatment including chelation using DMSA and Lupron
brought significant improvement in the majority of patients(96). A significant (p<0.01) overall
improvement from the 70-79th percentile of severity at baseline to the 40-49th
percentile of severity at the end of the study was observed for patients
treated for a median of approximately 4 months. Significant improvements in
sociability, cognitive awareness, behavior, and clinical symptoms/behaviors of
hyperandrogenemia were also observed. Significant decreases in blood androgens
and increases in urinary heavy metal concentrations were observed. Minimal drug
adverse effects were found.
IV.
Hypothyroidism during pregnancy as cause of developmental delays, reduced IQs,
and autism- the mercury and toxic metal connection.
Studies have documented that mercury
causes hypothyroidism (150,84,390,407), damage of
thyroid
Infants of women with
hypothyroxinemia at 12 weeks' gestation had significantly lower scores on the
Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale orientation index compared with subjects(109b). Regression analysis showed that
first-trimester maternal free thyroid hormone T4 was a significant predictor of
orientation scores. This study confirmed that maternal hypothyroxinemia
constitutes a serious risk factor for neurodevelopmental difficulties that can
be identified in neonates as young as 3 weeks of age.
Mercury (especially mercury vapor from dental amalgam or organic
mercury) rapidly crosses the blood brain barrier and is stored preferentially
in the pituitary gland, thyroid gland,
hypothalamus, and occipital cortex in direct proportion to the number
and extent of dental amalgam surfaces (114,119,185,199,273,274,407), and
likewise rapidly crosses the placenta and accumulates in the fetus including
the fetal brain and hormone glands at levels commonly higher than the level in
the mother(120,122-127). Milk from mothers with 7 or more mercury
amalgam dental fillings was found to have levels of mercury approximately 10
times that of amalgam free mothers(1500). The milk
sampled ranged from 0.2 to 57 ug/L. In a population of German women, the
concentration of mercury in early breast milk ranged from 0.2 to 20.3 ug/L (126).
A Japanese study found that the average mercury level in samples tested
increased 60% between 1980 and 1990[125].
The study found that prenatal Hg exposure is correlated with lower
scores in neurodevelopmental screening, but more so in the linguistic pathway(125). The
level of mercury in umbilical cord blood, meconium, and placenta is usually
higher than that in mother's blood[123-125].
Alterations
of cortical neuronal migration and cerebellar Purkinje cells have been observed
in autism. Neuronal migration, via reelin regulation, requires triiodothyronine
(T3) produced by deiodination of thyroxine (T4) by fetal brain deiodinases(407). Experimental animal models have shown that
transient intrauterine deficits of thyroid hormones (as brief as 3 days) result
in permanent alterations of cerebral cortical architecture reminiscent of those
observed in brains of patients with autism. Early maternal hypothyroxinemia
resulting in low T3 in the fetal brain during the period of neuronal cell
migration (weeks 8-12 of pregnancy) may produce morphological brain changes
leading to autism. Insufficient dietary iodine intake and a number of environmental
antithyroid and goitrogenic agents can affect maternal thyroid function during
pregnancy.
Mercury can have significant effects
on thyroid function even though the main hormone levels remain in the normal
range, so the usual thyroid tests are not adequate in such cases. Prenatal methylmercury exposure severely
affects the activity of selenoenzymes,
including glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and 5-iodothyronine deiodinases(5-Di and
5'-DI) in the fetal brain, even though thyroxine(T4) levels are normal(390e). Gpx activity is severely inhibited, while
5-DI levels are decreased and 5'-DI increased in the fetal brain, similar to
hypothyroidism. Thus normal thyroid
tests will not pick up this condition.
Mercury reduces the bloods ability
to transport oxygen to fetus and transport of essential nutrients including
amino acids, glucose, magnesium, zinc and Vit B12 (143,196,198,263,264,338,
339,427); depresses enzyme isocitric dehydrogenase (ICD) in fetus, causes
reduced iodine uptake, autoimmune thyroiditis,
& hypothyroidism. (150,191,212,222,369,382,407,135). Because of the evidence of widespread effects
on infants, the American Assoc. of Clinical
Endocrinologists advises that all women considering becoming pregnant should
get a serum thyrotropin test so that hypothyroidism can be diagnosed and
treated early(558,17b). Since mercury
and toxic metals are common causes of hypothyroidism, another test that should
be considered is a hair element test for mercury or toxic metal exposures and
essential mineral imbalances.
An ecological study in
In addition to large numbers of cases affecting
infants, allergic contact eczema is the most frequent occupational disease(1,500,82); and the most common cause of contact
eczema is exposure to toxic metals(1, 6-12,500). The metals most commonly causing allergic
immune reactivity are nickel, mercury, chromium, cobalt, and palladium(1,6-14,500). The highest level of sensitization is to
Infants, who are most reactive to thimerosal, a form of mercury that has been
used as a preservative in vaccines and eye drops(6,7). Many with immune reactive conditions like
eczema and psoriasis recover after tests and treatment for the cause of the
immune reactivity(11,500 ).
V.
Conclusion and Treatments
There has been strong suggestive and clinical evidence for a connection
between toxic metals and autism spectrum conditions(2bcd,15-40,50,92,103,603)
and recent studies using government databases have confirmed the
connection(80,91,92). There also appear
to be subgroups of exposure and symptom patterns among the many different types
of persuasive developmental disorders (PDD) including autism, Asperger’s
syndrome, obsessive compulsive disorder(OCD), dyslexia,
ADD/ADHD, learning disabilities, childhood depression, etc.
Some of the apparent subgroups
of autism include: the group with blocked enzymatic processes needed to
properly digest casein and gluten,
a group related to blockage by toxic metals of methionine synthase function, a
group related to mother’s
hypothyroid condition during the first trimester of pregnancy(due to metals
effects), a group of general
brain-related encephalies and/or
immune effects of toxic exposures(23), the Singh subgroup of autoimmune
reactions to brain myelin sheath or other autoimmunity (112), the reduced B lymphocyte/
Most
children with autism have been found to have gastrointestinal damage and leaky gut, as well as damaged
enzymatic process and damaged systems that control blood PH. This results in
digestive dysfunction, inability to absorb minerals and nutrients, nutritional
deficiencies, damage to autonomic nervous system, and neurological and
behavioral problems. Supplements to deal with these nutritional deficiencies
and imbalances are needed to alleviate these problems. These problems also
cause proliferation of unfriendly bacteria, yeast, and parasites (580,603), for
which supplementation with probiotics and Saccharomyces boulardii yeast are
helpful. Treatment is complicated and individual, usually requiring
detoxification as well as protocols to deal with the dysfunctional
gastrointestinal, immune, and hormone systems (580). Lists of doctors with experience at
successfully treating these problems can be found at the Autism Research
Institute website: www.autism.com/ari/. Some deficiencies usually found include
sulfates, magnesium, zinc, essential fatty acids, vit A,
vit E, selenium, etc. (580). Supplementation for these and other essential
minerals and nutrients are needed due to the dysfunctional digestive systems. A
large double blind study of autistic patients found a nutritional approach
using 400 mg carnosine, 50 IU vit E, and 5 mg of zinc two times per day to be
highly beneficial (580). Large numbers
of autistic children have shown significant improvement after detoxification and
biomedical nutritional treatment(100,603). A program
found to significantly improve most children with with autism spectrum
conditions including ADHD is Brain Balance (163). Information on low budget ABA (Applied
Behavioral Analysis) can be found at: (600). Properly formulated
nutritional treatments have also been found to be effective in treating ADHD
and depression(522).
Physical
activity has been found to help kids who may be restless or hyperactive, or who
have been diagnosed
with ADHD. Even emotional disturbances can be improved with exercise, as
the activity provides an outlet for their energy and reduces the natural
inclination of children to “act out.”
Use of exercise therapy along with Emotional Freedom Technique (EFT) were
found to have significant benefits(574). Exercise at
school was also found to significantly increase reading and math ability of
students, in addition to helping control obesity.
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