Oral galvanism and Electromagnetic Fields(EMF): factors along with mercury's high volatility and extreme toxicity in significant exposure levels and oral effects from amalgam fillings. B. Windham(Ed.)
Having dissimilar metals in the teeth
(e.g.-amalgam, or gold and mercury, or stainless steel and mercury) causes
galvanic action, electrical currents, and much higher mercury vapor levels and
levels in oral tissues. (1-11,30) The amount of
mercury released into saliva has been found by large studies to be about 1.5 to
1.9 micrograms per liter for each additional amalgam filling (26). The amount
of mercury released by a gold alloy bridge over amalgam over a 10 year period
was measured to be approx. 101 milligrams(mg)(60% of total) or 30 micrograms(ug) per day(7), and other studies have found similar
results( 4). Average mercury levels in gum tissue near amalgam fillings are
about 200 ppm, and are the result of flow of mercury
into the mucous membrane because of galvanic currents with the mucous membrane
serving as cathode and amalgam metals as anode(1-4).
Concentrations of mercury in oral mucosa for a population of patients with 6 or
more amalgam fillings taken during oral surgery were 20 times the level of
controls(14), and levels in root tips of 41 ppm(5).
Amalgam also releases significant amounts of silver, tin, and copper which also
have toxic effects, with organic tin compounds formed in the body being even
more neurotoxic than inorganic mercury. Amalgam
containing zinc produced higher galvanic currents(3b).
Mercury and other metals accumulate
in the oral cavity in fibroblasts, macrophages, and multinuclear giant cells of
connective tissue, in blood vessel walls, along nerve sheath fibres, in basement-membranes of mucosal epithelium,
striated muscle fibres, along collagen bundles and
elastic tissue, in acini of salivary glands, and in
tooth roots and jaw bones(5,11). Such mercury including that in the commonly
formed amalgam tattoos moves to other parts of the body over time in
significant amounts and more rapidly than the other metals. Macrophages remove
mercury by phagocytosis and the mercury moves to
other parts of the body through the blood and along nerves(5).
Most dentists are not aware of the main source of amalgam tattoos, oral galvanism,
where electric currents caused by mixed metals in the mouth take the metals
into the gums and oral mucosa, accumulating at the base of teeth with large
fillings or metal crowns over amalgam base(1-5). Such metals are documented to cause local and
systemic lesions and health effects, which usually recover after removal of the
amalgam tattoo by surgery(5fghi). The high levels of accumulated mercury also
are dispersed to other parts of the body.
Amalgam fillings produce electrical currents which
increase mercury vapor release and may have other harmful effects(1-14,38).
These currents are measured in micro amps, with some measured at over 5 micro
amps. A clinic with considerable experience dealing with problems of oral
galvanism found that currents over 5 microamps
usually cause significant health problems such as headaches, migraines, dizzyness, nausea,etc.
which was eliminated when amalgam fillings were replaced.. The central nervous system operates on
signals in the range of nano-amps, which is 1000
times less than a micro amp(38). The metals also have electrical potentials
which can be measured in millivolts(mV). One clinical
study determined that electrical potential differences of over 50 mV were
pathological(9b), causing galvanism, leukoplakia,
oral lichen planus, or toxic or allergic reactions to
restorations(9a,1-8). In most
subjects with amalgam fillings, potential differences of more than 50
mV are present between restorations(9a), with potentials ranging from -417 mV
to +150 mV. Negative potentials may be more pathological than positive
ones. The average potential for metal crowns and bridges was 154
mV and for brace brackets was 71 mV(9a).
Negatively charged fillings or crowns push electrons into the oral
cavity since saliva is a good electrolyte and cause higher mercury vapor losses(11,1-6). Patients with autoimmune conditions like MS,
or epilepsy, depression, etc. are often found to have a lot of high negative
current fillings(11). The Huggins total dental revision(TDR) protocol calls for teeth with the highest
negative charge to be replaced first(11). Other protocols for amalgam removal
are available from international dental associations like IAOMT(45)
and mercury poisoned patients organizations like DAMS(46). For these reasons it
is important that no new gold dental work be placed in the mouth until at least
6 months after replacement.
Some studies have also found persons with chronic
exposure to electromagnetic fields(EMF), microwaves,
or MRIs to have higher levels of mercury exposure and excretion(33c,38,48). The
post MRI saliva mercury levels for a sample of patients was on average 31%
higher after MRI than before(48). Such fields are known to induce current in
metals and would increase the effects of galvanism. EMF is also documented in
animal and human studies to cause cellular calcium efflux and affect calcium
homeostasis (39,40), which may be a factor in the
reduction of melatonin levels caused by EMF exposure in animal and human
studies(40,41). In studies on chicks this had significant adverse effects on
viability of embryos and chicks. Melatonin is known to be protective against
mercury and free radical activity, as well as regulating the circadian rhythm
cycle and sleep cycle. EMF exposure lowers melatonin production and disrupts
the sleep cycle(41).
Since mercury is known to have some of these same effects and EMF
exposure increases mercury exposure in those with amalgam, it is not clear in
humans the relative role of the causality mechanisms. Occupational exposure to
higher levels of EMF have also been found in many studies to result in much
higher risk of chronic degenerative neurological conditions such as ALS(42),
Alzheimer's Disease (43,33c), as well as Leukemia and Cancer(44,47,33c). Pooled analysis
of 3,247 cases of childhood leukemia in Europe, North America and New Zealand
published last year found increased rate of leukemia in those with high EMF
exposures, over 4 microgauss(47a). Studies in UK
found that one in 200 British children are exposed to high levels of
electromagnetic radiation in the home and that this could be doubling their
risk of leukaemia(47). Since EMF causes increased mercury exposure
in those with amalgam, and mercury is also known to cause these conditions,
again it is not clear the relative importance of the factors since the studies
were not controlled for mercury levels or number of amalgam fillings.
Studies have shown that mercury in the gums such as
from root caps for root canaled teeth or "amalgam
tattoos" result in chronic inflammation, in addition to migration to other
parts of the body(5,10,15). Mercury, tin, and silver
from amalgam fillings can be seen in the tissues as amalgam
"tattoos", which have been found to accumulate in the oral mucosa as
granules along collagen bundles, blood vessels, nerve sheaths, elastic fibers,
membranes, striated muscle fibers, and acini of minor
salivary glands(5,10). Dark granules are also present intracellularly within macrophasges,
multinucleated giant cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. There is in
most cases chronic inflammatory response or macrophagic
reaction the the metals(5,30),
usually in the form of a foreign body granuloma with
multinucleated giant cells of the foreign body and Langhans
types. Mercury levels are often over 1000 ppm near a
gold cap on an amalgam filling due to higher currents when gold is in contact
with amalgam (8,9c,11,12,13). Similar levels as high as 5000 ppm have been found by German oral surgeons in jaw bone
under large fillings or gold crowns(37). These levels
are among the highest levels ever measured in tissues of living organisms,
exceeding the highest levels found in chronically exposed chloralkali
workers, those who died in Minamata, or animals that
died from mercury poisoning(29). The FDA Action Level
for mercury in fish or food is 1 ppm. Warnings are
given at 0.5 ppm, and the EPA health criterion level
is 0.3 ppm.
Some of the oral effects of mercury that have been documented include
gingivitis, oral lesions, pain and discomfort, burning mouth, "metal
mouth", chronic inflammatory response, leukoplakia,
lichen planus, autoimmune response, oral cancer,
trigeminal neuralgia, allergic reactions,
etc.(4,5,9a,11,15,19,22,23,25,26,30-35)
The component mix in amalgams has also been found to be
an important factor in mercury vapor emissions. The level of mercury and copper
released from high copper amalgam is as much as 50 times that of low copper amalgams(16). Studies have consistently found modern high
copper non gamma-two amalgams have greater release of mercury vapor than
conventional silver amalgams (17-21). While the non gamma-two amalgams were
developed to be less corrosive and less prone to marginal fractures than
conventional silver amalgams, they have been found to be unstable in a
different mechanism when subjected to wear/polishing/ chewing/ brushing: they
form droplets of mercury on the surface of the amalgams(3,23,24). This has been
found to be a factor in the much higher release of mercury vapor by the modern
non gamma-two amalgams. Recent studies have concluded that because of the high
mercury release levels of modern amalgams, mercury levels higher than
Government health guidelines are being transferred to the lungs, blood, brain,
CNS, kidneys, liver, etc. of large numbers of people with amalgam fillings and
widespread neurological, immune system, and endocrine system effects are occuring(25,26,27,28).
Dental
amalgam fillings have been documented by medical lab tests and Government
agencies to be the largest source of mercury in
most people who have amalgam fillings(49). Amalgam fillings are often also the largest
source of organic mercury in people who have amalgam fillings, since bacteria
in the mouth and intestines converts other forms of mercury to methyl mercury(31c,49). A 2009 study found that inorganic mercury
levels in people have been increasing rapidly in recent years(50b).
It used data from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s
National Health Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) finding that while
inorganic mercury was detected in the blood of 2 percent of women aged 18 to 49
in the 1999-2000 NHANES survey, that level rose to 30
percent of women by 2005-2006. Surveys in all states using hair tests have
found dangerous levels of mercury in an average of 22 % of the population, with
over 30% in some states like Florida and New York(50c).
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