Mercury-Caused Endocrine Conditions
Causing Widespread Adverse Health Effects, Cognitive Effects, and Fertility Effects B.Windham(Ed.)
Introduction.
As will be documented in this paper, the majority of the population receives significant mercury exposures and significant adverse health effects are common. Mercury has been found to be an endocrine system disrupting chemical in animals and people, disrupting function of the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, thymus gland, adrenal gland, pineal gland, enzyme production processes, and affecting many hormonal and enzymatic functions at very low levels of exposure . The main factors determining whether chronic conditions are induced by metals appear to be exposure and genetic susceptibility, which determines individuals immune sensitivity and ability to detoxify metals(405). Very low levels of exposure have been found to seriously affect large groups of individuals who are immune sensitive to toxic metals, or have an inability to detoxify metals due to such as deficient sulfoxidation or metallothionein function or other inhibited enzymatic processes related to detoxification or excretion of metals.
Common Exposures to Significant Levels of Mercury and Distribution in the Body
Most people with several amalgam fillings get daily exposure of mercury at levels well above
U.S. government health guidelines(16,19,20,49,199,211,501), which amount to about 4 to 8 micrograms per day(217). Mixed metals in the mouth such as amalgam dental fillings, metal crowns, and metal braces have been found to result in galvanic currents in the metals which drive the metals into the saliva and tissues of the oral cavity at high levels as well as systemically, with accumulations in the brain and hormonal glands (14,19,84,85,183,192,348,369, 381,500). Additionally, electric and electromagnetic fields from appliances, computer monitors, power lines, etc. cause electric currents in metals in the mouth which further increase exposures to mercury and other metals(28). Mercury and nickel, which are highly neurotoxic (19,84,217,372, 500) and immunotoxic (181,91,114ab,380b,369,383ab,405), are often found at high levels in tests of those with mixed metals in the mouth and are known to commonly cause DNA damage(296,458,114), immune reactivity (234,330,331,342,369,375,383,405,91), and hormonal effects in animals and humans(50,84,104,105,369,382,459), including related reproductive effects. Government health agencies in other countries such as Health Canada and amalgam manufacturers have warned against using amalgam near other metals(209,500), but this is still common in the U.S. and several other countries. Children typically also get high levels of exposure to highly toxic organic mercury compounds such as ethyl mercury through thimerosal, used as a preservative in vaccines (160,409,476,555), and to methyl mercury from fish(2). Warnings to ban or limit consumption of fish have been issued for over 30 percent of all U.S. lakes, including all Great Lakes, as well as U.S. river miles and bays(2).
Studies have documented
that mercury causes hypothyroidism (50,84,390,392,407),
damage of thyroid RNA(458), autoimmune thyroiditis (369,382,91), and impairment
of conversion of thyroid T4 hormone to the active T3 form(369,382,390,392,407,50d).
The thyroid gland has iodine binding sites where the iodine needed for its
function is obtained. For those with
chronic mercury exposure the mercury occupies some of the iodine binding sites,
blocking full utilization of iodine by the thyroid, in addition to the direct
damage to the thyroid since mercury is highly cytotoxic (392,394,etc.). These studies and clinical experience
indicate that mercury and toxic metal exposures appear to be the most common
cause of hypothyroidism and the majority treated by metals detoxification
recover or significantly improve (503).
Infants
of women with hypothyroxinemia at 12 weeks' gestation had significantly lower
scores on the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale orientation index compared
with subjects(10b). Regression analysis showed that first-trimester maternal
free thyroid hormone T4 was a significant predictor of orientation scores. This
study confirmed that maternal hypothyroxinemia constitutes a serious risk
factor for neurodevelopmental difficulties that can be identified in neonates
as young as 3 weeks of age.
Mercury
(especially mercury vapor from dental amalgam or organic mercury) rapidly
crosses the blood brain barrier and is stored preferentially in the pituitary
gland, thyroid gland, hypothalamus, and
occipital cortex in direct proportion to the number and extent of dental
amalgam surfaces (14,19,85,99,273,274,407), and likewise rapidly crosses the
placenta and accumulates in the fetus including the fetal brain and hormone
glands at levels commonly higher than the level in the mother(20,22-27). Milk from
mothers with 7 or more mercury amalgam dental fillings was found to have levels
of mercury approximately 10 times that of amalgam free mothers(22b). The milk
sampled ranged from 0.2 to 57 ug/L. In
a population of German women, the concentration of mercury in early breast milk
ranged from 0.2 to 20.3 ug/L (26). A
Japanese study found that the average mercury level in samples tested increased
60% between 1980 and 1990[25]. The
study found that prenatal Hg exposure is correlated with lower scores in
neurodevelopmental screening, but more so in the linguistic pathway(25). The level of mercury in umbilical cord
blood, meconium, and placenta is usually higher than that in mother's
blood[23-25].
Alterations
of cortical neuronal migration and cerebellar Purkinje cells have been observed
in autism. Neuronal migration, via reelin regulation, requires triiodothyronine
(T3) produced by deiodination of thyroxine (T4) by fetal brain
deiodinases(407). Experimental animal models have shown that transient
intrauterine deficits of thyroid hormones (as brief as 3 days) result in
permanent alterations of cerebral cortical architecture reminiscent of those
observed in brains of patients with autism. Early maternal hypothyroxinemia
resulting in low T3 in the fetal brain during the period of neuronal cell
migration (weeks 8-12 of pregnancy) may produce morphological brain changes
leading to autism. Insufficient dietary iodine intake and a number of
environmental antithyroid and goitrogenic agents such as mercury, soy, and
peanuts can affect maternal thyroid function during pregnancy.
Mercury can have significant effects on thyroid
function even though the main hormone levels remain in the normal range, so the
usual thyroid tests are not adequate in such cases. Prenatal methylmercury exposure severely
affects the activity of selenoenzymes,
including glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and 5-iodothyronine deiodinases(5-Di and
5'-DI) in the fetal brain, even though thyroxine(T4) levels are normal(390de). Another
mechanism by which mercury exerts such effects is mercury’s effects on selenium
levels which are required for conversion of T4 to T3(392,390d).
Gpx activity is severely inhibited,
while 5-DI levels are decreased and 5'-DI increased in the fetal brain, similar
to hypothyroidism. Thus normal thyroid
tests will not pick up this condition.
Mercury reduces the bloods ability to transport
oxygen to fetus and transport of essential nutrients including amino acids,
glucose, magnesium, zinc, selenium, and Vit B12 (43,96,198,263,264,338,
339,347,392,427); depresses enzyme isocitric dehydrogenase (ICD) in fetus,
causes reduced iodine uptake, autoimmune thyroiditis, & hypothyroidism. (50,91,212,222,369,382,407,459,35). Because of the evidence of widespread effects
on infants, the American Assoc. of Clinical Endocrinologists
advises that all women considering becoming pregnant should get a serum
thyrotropin test so that hypothyroidism can be diagnosed and treated
early(558,7b). Since mercury and toxic
metals are common causes of hypothyroidism, another test that should be
considered is a hair element test for mercury or toxic metal exposures and essential
mineral imbalances.
Studies
have also established a “clear association” between the presence of thyroid
antibodies and spontaneous abortions(511).
Levels of recurrent abortions in a population with positive levels of
thyroid antibodies in one study were 40%, 5 times the normal rate(511). Hypothyroidism is a well documented risk
factor in spontaneous abortions and infertility(9,511). Another study of pregnant women who suffer
from hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) found a four-times greater risk for miscarriage during the second
trimester than those who don’t(511), and women with untreated thyroid
deficiency were four-times more likely to have a child with a developmental
disabilities(509f-h). Mercury through
its affects on the endocrine system is also documented to cause other
reproductive effects including infertility, low sperm counts, abnormal sperm,
endometriosis, PMS, adverse effects on reproductive organs, etc. (9,50,104,105,390,500,559).
Mercury blocks thyroid hormone production by
occupying iodine binding sites and inhibiting hormone action even when the
measured thyroid level appears to be in proper range(390,35). The thyroid and hypothalamus regulate body
temperature and many metabolic processes including enzymatic processes that
when inhibited result in higher dental decay(35) . Mercury damage thus commonly
results in poor bodily temperature control, in addition to many problems caused
by hormonal imbalances such as depression.
Such hormonal secretions are affected at levels of mercury exposure much
lower than the acute toxicity effects normally tested (50,390,84), as
previously confirmed by hormonal/reproductive problems in animal populations
(104,381c,50d). Mercury also damages the
blood brain barrier and facilitates penetration of the brain by other toxic
metals and substances(311).
Hypothyroidism is also known to be a major factor in cardiovascular
disease(510,509h).
The
pituitary gland controls many of the body’s endocrine system functions and
secretes hormones that control most bodily processes, including the immune
system and reproductive systems . One study found mercury levels in the
pituitary gland ranged from 6.3 to 77 ppb(85), while another(348) found the mean
level to be 30ppb- levels found to be neurotoxic and cytotoxic in animal studies. Some of the effect on depression is related
to mercury’s effect of reducing the level of posterior pituitary
hormone(oxytocin). Low levels of
pituitary function are associated with depression and suicidal thoughts, and
appear to be a major factor in suicide of teenagers and other vulnerable
groups. The pituitary glands of a group
of dentists had 800 times more mercury than controls(99). This may explain why dentists have much
higher levels of emotional problems, depression, suicide, etc(500,Section
VIII.). Amalgam fillings, nickel and
gold crowns are major factors in reducing pituitary
function(35,50,369,etc.). Supplementary
oxytocin extract has been found to alleviate many of these mood problems(35),
along with replacement of metals in the mouth(107,500-Section VI.). The normalization of pituitary function also
often normalizes menstrual cycle problems, endometriosis, and increases fertility(35,9,500).
Mercury accumulates in the adrenal gland and disrupts adrenal gland
function(84,369,381).
In general immune activation from toxics such as
heavy metals resulting in cytokine release and abnormalities of the
hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis can cause changes in the brain, fatigue,
and severe psychological symptoms(369,375,379-383,107)
such as depression, profound fatigue,
muscoskeletal pain, sleep disturbances, gastrointestinal and neurological
problems as are seen in CFS, Fibromyalgia, and autoimmune thyroiditis. Such
symptoms usually improve significantly after amalgam removal(500,Section
VI). Such hypersensitivity has been
found most common in those with genetic
predisposition to heavy metal sensitivity (342,369,375,382) such as found more frequently in patients with
HLA-DRA antigens(375,381,383). A significant portion of the population appears
to fall in this category and adrenal problems have been increasing
significantly in recent years(570).
Mercury(and other toxic metals)
has been found to accumulate in the pineal gland and reduce melatonin levels, which is thought to be a
significant factor in mercury’s toxic effects(569). Melatonin has found to have
a significant protective action against methyl mercury toxicity, likely from
antioxidative effect of melatonin on the MMC induced neurotoxicity(567).
There is also evidence that mercury affects
neurotransmitter levels which has effects on conditions like depression, mood
disorders, ADHD, etc. There is evidence that
mercury can block the dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) enzyme(571). DBH is used to make the noradrenaline neurotransmitter and low noradrenaline can
cause fatigue and depression. Mercury molecules can block all copper catalyzed
dithiolane oxidases, such as coproporphyrin oxidase(260) and DBH.
Thyroid imbalances,
which are documented to be commonly caused by mercury
(369,382,459,35,50,91,212), have been found to play a major role in chronic heart conditions such as
clogged arteries, mycardial infarction, and chronic heart failure(510). In a recent study, published in the Annals of
Internal Medicine, researchers reported that subclinical hypothyroidism is highly prevalent in elderly women and is
strongly and independently associated with cardiac atherosclerosis and
myocardial infarction(510c).
People who tested hypothyroid usually have significantly higher levels
of homocysteine and cholesterol, which are documented factors in heart
disease. 50% of those testing
hypothyroid, also had high levels of homocysteine (hyperhomocysteinenic) and
90% were either hyperhomocystemic or hypercholesterolemic(510a). These are also
known factors in developing arteriosclerotic vascular disease. Homocysteine
levels are significantly increased in
hypothtyroid patients and normalize with treatment(510efg).
The thymus gland plays
a significant part in the establishment of the immune system and lymphatic
system from the 12th week of gestation until puberty. Inhibition of thymus function can thus
affect proper development of the immune and lymphatic systems. Lymphocyte differentiation, maturation and
peripheral functions are affected by the thymic protein hormone thymulin.
Mercury at very low concentrations has been seen to impair some lymphocytic
functions causing subclinical manifestations in exposed workers. Animal studies
have shown mercury significantly inhibits thymulin production at very low
micromolar levels of exposure(513a).
The metal allergens mercuric chloride and nickel sulfate were found to
stimulate DNA synthesis of both immature and mature thymocytes at low levels of
exposure, so chronic exposure can have long term effects(513b). Also,
micromolar levels of mercuric ions specifically blocked synthesis of ribosomal
RNA, causing fibrillarin relocation from the nucleolus to the nucleoplasm in
epithelial cells as a consequence of the
blockade of ribosomal RNA synthesis.
This appears to be a factor in deregulation of basic cellular events and
in autoimmunity caused by mercury.
There were specific immunotoxic and biochemical alterations in lymphoid
organs of mice treated at the lower doses of mercury. The immunological defects
were consistent with altered T-cell function as evidenced by decreases in both
T-cell mitogen and mixed leukocyte responses. Mercury caused increased immunoreactivity for glial fibrillary
protein at 1 nanamole (0.2 ppb) concentration, and
microglial response at even lower levels(175).
There was a particular association between the T-cell defects and
inhibition of thymic pyruvate kinase, the rate-limiting enzyme for
glycolysis(513c). Pyruvate and glycolysis
problems are often seen in mercury toxic children being treated for
autism(409).
A direct mechanism
involving mercury’s inhibition of hormones and cellular enzymatic processes by
binding with the hydroxyl radical(SH) in amino acids appears to be a major part
of the connection to allergic/immune reactive/autoimmune conditions such as
autism/ADHD(409-411,439,464,468,476,33,160), schizophrenia(409,410),
lupus(113,126,234,330,331,33,468), Scleroderma(468), eczema and psoriasis (323,375,385,419,33), and
allergies (271,313,330,331, 369,375,468).
Mercury and other toxic metals
also form inorganic compounds with OH, NH2, CL, in addition to the SH radical
and thus inhibits many cellular enzyme processes, coenzymes, hormones, and
blood cells(405,409,500,555). For example mercury has been found to
strongly inhibit the activity of dipeptyl peptidase (DPP IV) which is required
in the digestion of the milk protein casein(411,412) as well as of xanthine
oxidase(439). Studies involving a large sample of autistic and schizophrenic
patients found that over 90 % of those tested had high levels of the neurotoxic
milk protein beta-casomorphine-7 in their blood and urine and defective
enzymatic processes for digesting milk protein(410). Elimination of milk products from the diet
has been found to improve the condition. Similar results have been seen in
similarly but lesser affected patients with other pervasive developmental
conditions such as ADHD. Such
populations have also been found to have many with high levels of mercury who
recover after mercury detox (409,413,369,160).
As mercury levels are reduced the protein binding is reduced and
improvement in the enzymatic process occurs. Additional cellular level
enzymatic effects of mercury’s binding with proteins include blockage of sulfur
oxidation processes (33,114,194,330,331,412), enzymatic processes involving
vitamins B6 and B12(418), effects on the cytochrome-C energy processes
(43,84,338c,35), along with mercury’s adverse effects on cellular mineral
levels of calcium, magnesium, zinc, and lithium (43,96,333,338,160,500). Thus some of the main mechanisms of toxic
effects of metals include cytotoxicity; changes in cellular membrane
permeability; inhibition of enzymes, coenzymes, and hormones; and generation of lipid peroxides or free radicals- which result in neurotoxicity,
immunotoxicity, impaired cellular respiration, gastrointestinal/metabolic
effects, hormonal effects, and immune
reactivity or autoimmunity.
Mercury has been found to cause hormonal changes which cause hair loss
and greying of hair. In a large German
study where 20,000 were tested, allergies and hair-loss were found to be 2-3
times as high in a group with large numbers of amalgam fillings compared to
controls(199,9). Levels
of mercury in follicular fluid was significantly higher for those with
amalgam fillings (9,146). Based on this finding, a Gynecological Clinic that
sees a large number of women suffering from alopecia/hair loss that was not
responding to treatment had amalgams replaced in 132 women who had not
responded to treatment. 68 % of the
women then responded to treatment and alopecia was alleviated(187). In other studies involving amalgam removal,
the majority had significant improvement (40,317,500). Higher levels of hormone disturbances, immune
disturbances, infertility, and recurrent fungal infections were also found in
the amalgam group. The results of hormone tests, cell culture studies, and
intervention studies agree(9,146). Other
clinics have also found alleviation of hair loss/alopecia after amalgam removal
and detox(40,317). Another study in Japan found significantly higher levels of
mercury in gray hair than in dark hair(402).
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