Documentation of Common Cardiovascular
Health Effects from Mercury from Amalgam B. Windham (Ed)
I. Introduction.
Cardiovascular disease
affects more people and causes more deaths each year than any other chronic
condition. Atherosclerosis (buildup of plaque deposits in arteries)is the most common type of heart disease. Atherosclerosis is a significant
factor in many types of cardiovascular disease: coronary heart disease (CHD),
myocardial infarction(MI), angina pectoris, cerebral vascular disease(CVD), peripheral
artery disease(PAD), thrombotic stroke, transient ishcmic
attacks(TIAs), insufficient blood supply to lower limbs(cludication),
organ damage, and vascular complications of diabetes.
Stroke is the third leading cause of death in the U.S. but millions
also suffer silent strokes(TIAs) each year that cause
memory loss, neurologic disorders, etc.
Ischemic stoke is where a blood clot blocks the
flow of oxygenated blood to a portion of the brain (83% of all strokes). The
majority of these are related to atherosclerosis. Hemorrhagic stroke is where a blood vessel in
the brain ruptures (17%). Irregular heartbeat and tachycardia is another common
type of heart disease that has become more common. (580,584)
Other types of
cardiovascular problems include hypertension, thrombosis, thrombocytopenia, peripheral
artery disease(PAD), anemia, and Leukopenia. Hypertension is high blood pressure and may
be caused by atherosclerosis or other factors including mercury toxicity. Supplementation with chlorella has
been found to result in beneficial effects when used in patients chronic
conditions such as hypertension, ulcerative colitis, or Fibromyalgia(304).
Doctors such as D. Klinghardt (303) have suggested
that the mechanism by which chlorella improves treatment of such conditions is
metals detoxification, which is the main mechanism of action of chlorella and
has been found to greatly improve intestinal function.
Anemia is a decrease in the number of red blood cells. Anemia can be related to iron deficiency,
Vitamin B12 deficiency, folate deficiency, etc. When
one of these factors is present, supplementation can often resolve the problem,
though B12 deficiency can also be related to reduced
ability to absorb B12. In this case weekly injections may be required. Methylcobalamin is the preferred form of B12. Thrombosis
is an abnormal blood clot inside a blood vessel, causing an obstruction of
blood flow. Thrombocytopenia is usually microvascular leakage with platelet aggregation, often
induced by drugs. Leukopenia is an abnormal decrease
in the number of white blood cells. Chronic mercury exposure such as from
amalgam dental fillings commonly has significant effects on levels and function
of both red and white blood cells(35,303) and
reduction of mercury exposure often results in improvement of these conditions.
Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a
lesser-known condition marked by blockages in the arteries leading to your
extremities, most commonly your feet and legs. The damaging process begins when
low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (commonly known as LDL or “bad
cholesterol”) encounters free radicals on the walls of your arteries. Free
radicals are a factor in most chronic inflammatory process—and the development
of atherosclerosis is no exception. When the production of free radicals
exceeds your body’s ability to remove them—a condition that can result from
stress, smoking, drugs, environmental toxins, and even extreme sports—it
results in oxidative stress. Unstable free radicals meeting with LDL
cholesterol in the lining of arteries, causes a reaction called
lipid peroxidation. The constant inflammatory assault
that takes place at the site of these lesions can eventually take its toll on
the fibrous cap that the immune system forms to keep it intact. Macrophages
will secrete enzymes that weaken the cap, which can cause it to rupture—and
once ruptured, platelets will be activated, causing thrombosis (the formation
of a clot). In cases of advanced atherosclerosis, coronary arteries have become
significantly narrowed over the years, allowing a clot to block blood flow to the heart—resulting
in cell death (known as myocardial infarction) and heart failure. Likewise, a
clot in your neck can block blood flow to your brain, resulting in a stroke.
Lastly, the potential exists for embolism, in which the clots break off to
enter your circulation, where they can obstruct blood flow to any number of
your vital organs. All of these risks are increased by a
condition known as hyperviscosity or hypercoagulation—an innate tendency toward clotting.
Certain blood markers can reveal this condition: High levels of the amino acid homocysteine or excess fibrinogen- a protein that plays a
key role in your body’s clotting mechanisms , have
been linked to hypercoagulation. Any of
these conditions if untreated commonly lead to other degenerative conditions or
can lead to death. (580)
The primary risk factors that have been identified for cardiovascular
disease are: elevated C-Reactive Protein, elevated fibrinogen, elevated homocysteine, elevated
Lipoprotein(a), elevated
LDL cholesterol/low HDL cholesterol, elevated triglycerides, hyperinsulinemia
(excess insulin), low testosterone
levels in men (580). Anyone concerned
about cardiovascular health should periodically get a blood test to monitor the
levels of these risk factors, which all can be significantly controlled or
improved by avoidance of toxic exposures, diet and supplementation. As will be
seen in this paper, toxic metal exposure is a significant factor in
cardiovascular disease, causing inflammation and oxidative damage to the
cardiovascular system and increases in the noted risk factors.
The
personal risk factors of cardiovascular disease, like smoking, alcohol
consumption, a diet high in saturated fat and cholesterol, sedentary life
style, obesity, glucose intolerance and diabetes, and high salt intake have
been extensively studied as contributors to the vascular diseases of the heart,
brain and peripheral circulation but can be controlled by lifestyle decisions.
Inflammation and
inflammatory cytokines such as Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNFa),
interleukin 1b (Il-1b), and interleukin 6 (Il-6) have been
found to be major factors in most cardiovascular conditions (580,598). Measures
of inflammation such as C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, homocysteine,
and level of immune cytokines have been found to be the best guides to
assessing cardiovascular health since these generate high levels of free
radicals and lipid peroxidation chemicals. Excess
insulin levels (hyperinsulinemia) has been found to
be a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and causes reactive
hypoglycemia due to blood glucose deficiency, causing chronic hunger feeling
and is a factor in why obese people do not lose weight.
II. Mercury, toxic metals, and cardiovascular disease
Both ionic and organic mercury accumulate in the
heart and has been associated with elevated blood pressure, abnormal heart rhythms
including tachycardia and ventricular heart rhythms , and increased heart
attacks (125,276,10,19,20,59,205,303,348,539,571)[125,NAS,p.168 & 276,U.S.EPA,p.3-20]. It is unknown to what extent cardiovascular
effects of mercury are due to direct cardiac toxicity or to indirect toxicity
caused by effects on the neural control of cardiac function (276). The researchers believe that mercury promotes
heart disease in several ways: mercury promotes free radical generation; it
inactivates the body's natural antioxidant glutathione; and it binds with
selenium thus making it unavailable as an antioxidant and component of
glutathione peroxidase; All these mechanisms would lead to an
increased level of lipid peroxidation and subsequent
heart disease. The researchers also point out that studies have discovered a
clear correlation between the number of amalgam tooth fillings and the risk of
heart attack. Selenium and vitamin E have both been found to have a protective
effect against mercury toxicity. Mercury
has also been found to promote overgrowths of pathogens including bacteria and
viruses that are known to damage the heart(303,577).
The
clinical consequences of mercury toxicity include hypertension, coronary heart
disease, myocardial infarction, increased carotid IMT and obstruction, cerebrovascular accident, generalized
atherosclerosis, and renal dysfunction with proteinuria
(539,541,571a,etc.). Mercury induces mitochondrial dysfunction with
reduction in ATP, depletion of glutathione, and increased lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress. The endothelial lipid signaling enzyme, phospholipase D (PLD), which is an important player in the
endothelial cell (EC) barrier functions. All three forms of mercury (inorganic
mercury, methyl mercury, and thimerosal significantly activated pulmonary
artery endothelial cells
in a dose-dependent and time-dependent fashion(571c). Metal chelators
significantly attenuated mercury-induced PLD activation, suggesting that
cellular mercury-ligand interaction(s) is required
for the enzyme activation a nd
that chelators are suitable blockers for
mercury-induced PLD activation. Sulfhydryl (thiol-protective) agents and antioxidants also
significantly attenuated the mercury-induced PLD activation. All the three
different forms of mercury significantly induced the decrease of levels of
total cellular thiols. Methylmercury also activates the lipid
signaling enzyme phospholipase A2 (PLA2)
in vascular endothelial cells (ECs), causing upstream regulation of cytotoxicity. Methylmercury also induced the loss of thiols
and increase of lipid peroxidation in BPAECs.
(571d)
Numerous studies have reported tachycardia, high
blood pressure and heart palpitations after acute exposure to elemental mercury
vapor (19,571,538,539,541,etc.) A positive correlation
was found between heart palpitations and urinary Hg concentrations in workers
from a chlor-alkali plant(538,276).
In addition, tachycardia and elevated blood pressure have been reported in
numerous instances after children were exposed to a broken thermometer,
elemental mercury vapor, mercury in vaccines, or treated with medicines
containing mercurous chloride, such as calomel
containing teething powder, worm medicine, or ammoniated mercury ointments used
for diaper rash (539,541,542). In children, tachycardia associated with the inhalation of
elemental mercury vapor might be related to a non-allergenic hypersensitivity
reaction to mercury (ATSDR,539f). It
should be noted that both blood and urine measure very recent exposures and are
not reliable indicators of mercury
body burden or mercury toxicity, as in (539b).
KAWASAKI DISEASE IS THE LEADING CAUSE of acquired heart disease in
children in the developed world. Kawasaki
disease is an acute systemic vasculitis that
primarily affects children under 5 years of age. Many patients
with Kawasaki's Disease have presented with elevated urine mercury levels
compared to matched controls (542). Most symptoms and diagnostic criteria which
are seen in children with acrodynia, known to be
caused by mercury, are similar to those seen in Kawasaki's Disease. Coinciding with the largest increase
(1985-1990) of thimerosal (49.6% ethyl mercury) in vaccines, routinely given to
infants in the U.S. by 6 months of age (from 75microg to 187.5microg), the
rates of Kawasaki's Disease increased ten times, and, later (1985-1997), by 20
times. Since 1990 88 cases of patients developing Kawasaki's Disease some days
after vaccination have been reported to the Centers of Disease Control (CDC)
including 19% manifesting symptoms the same day (542).
A
recent review study found that toxic metals are a significant factor in
cardiovascular disease(571). Mercury, cadmium, and
other heavy metals have a high affinity for sulfhydryl
(-SH) groups, inactivating numerous enzymatic reactions, amino acids, and
sulfur-containing antioxidants (NAC, ALA, GSH), with subsequent decreased
oxidant defense and increased oxidative stress(13,571,576).
Such metal exposures are common and have additive or synergistic effects. Oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation
have been found to be factors in metabolic syndrome and causes of inflammation(596,598). Both metals bind to metallothionein
and substitute for zinc, copper, and other trace metals reducing the
effectiveness of metalloenzymes(571,576). Mercury induces mitochondrial dysfunction with
reduction in ATP, depletion of glutathione, and increased lipid peroxidation; increased oxidative stress is common(13,571,576,303). Selenium antagonizes mercury
toxicity. The overall vascular effects of mercury include oxidative stress,
inflammation, thrombosis, vascular smooth muscle dysfunction, endothelial
dysfunction, dyslipidemia, immune dysfunction, and
mitochondrial dysfunction(571). The clinical
consequences of mercury toxicity include hypertension, CHD, MI, increased
carotid IMT and obstruction, CVA, generalized atherosclerosis, and renal
dysfunction with proteinuria. Pathological,
biochemical, and functional medicine correlations are significant and logical.
Mercury diminishes the protective effect of fish and omega-3 fatty acids.
Mercury, cadmium, and other heavy metals inactivate COMT, which increases serum
and urinary epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine.
This effect will increase blood pressure and may be a clinical clue to heavy
metal toxicity. Cadmium concentrates in the kidney, particularly inducing proteinuria and renal dysfunction; it is associated with
hypertension, but less so with CHD. Renal cadmium reduces CYP4A11 and PPARs,
which may be related to hypertension, sodium retention, glucose intolerance, dyslipidemia, and zinc deficiency. Dietary calcium may
mitigate some of the toxicity of cadmium.
Adverse cardivascular
effects have been associated with exposure to MeHg. A
retrospective study of cord-blood levels on 1000 children in the Faeroe Islands
at age seven who had been exposed prenatally to MeHg
was conducted. After body weight adjustments, as the cord-blood levels of MeHg increased from 1-10 micrograms/ liter, the diastolic
and systolic pressures increased by 13.9 and 14.6 mm Hg. In boys, as cord-blood
levels increased from 1-10 micrograms/liter their heart rate variability
decreased by 47%. Heart rate variability is a reflection of cardiac autonomic
control (308). Children
with lower birth weights experienced blood pressure increases about 50% higher
than normal birth weight children having similar mercury levels. At seven years of age, clear
dose-response relationships were observed for deficits in attention, language,
and memory(d). Thus a levels
of exposure below current Government health safety limits, mercury is
documented to have significant cardiovascular effects and the recommended limit
for mercury has been decreased from the former limit of 10 ug/L
in blood.
A cohort of 1833 Finnish
men were followed over 7 years (201), to compare dietary intake of fish, and MeHg concentrations in hair and urine with the incidence of
cardiovascular disease. All participants were free of clinical heart disease,
stroke, claudication, and cancer at the onset of the
study. Fish intake correlated with hair Hg and daily urinary Hg excretions. Men
who consumed at least 30 grams of fish per day had a 2.1 fold greater risk of
acute myocardial infarction. For each additional 10 grams of fish consumed
there was an incremental 5% increase in the five-year risk of acute myocardial
infarction. The fish consumed by this
population was mostly fresh water fish, as differentiated from populations that
eat mostly fatty fish like salmon and tuna and may factors that factors that
partially counteract the effects of mercury(201c).
A large
U.S. Centers for Disease Control epidemiological study, NHANES III, found that those
with more amalgam fillings(more mercury exposure) have significantly higher
levels of chronic health conditions(543a).
A 2009 study found that inorganic mercury
levels in people have been increasing rapidly in recent years(543b).
It used data from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s
National Health Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) finding that while
inorganic mercury was detected in the blood of 2 percent of women aged 18 to 49
in the 1999-2000 NHANES survey, that level rose to 30
percent of women by 2005-2006. Surveys in all states using hair tests have
found dangerous levels of mercury in an average of 22 % of the population, with
over 30% in some states like Florida and New York(543c).
III. High
levels of Mercury Exposure from Dental Amalgam
Dental amalgam has been documented
by peer-reviewed studies, government studies, and scientific panels to be the
largest source of mercury in most people(575),
including methyl mercury since elemental and inorganic mercury are commonly methylated in the body.
But many also get significant exposure to methyl mercury from
fish, and ethyl mercury from vaccines. The number of amalgam surfaces has a
statistically significant correlation to blood plasma mercury level (17,22,23,49,79,89,133, 211) . Much mercury in saliva and the brain is
also organic (220,272,506), since mouth bacteria and other organisms in the
body methylate elemental and inorganic mercury to
organic mercury (51,81,225,503b,506,512). Studies and clinical tests have found
amalgam to be the
largest source of methyl mercury in most people (506,220,79,386,575). Bacteria also oxidize mercury vapor to the water soluble, ionic
form Hg(II) (431). A clinical study
found that methyl mercury in saliva is significantly higher in those with
amalgam fillings than those without, and correlated with the number of amalgam fillings(506). The
average level of methyl mercury in the blood of a group with amalgam was more
than 4 times that of groups without amalgam or that had amalgam replaced. Total mercury in those with amalgams was over
10 times that of those without amalgam. Other studies have found similar results(512,575).
As is known from autopsy studies for those with chronic mercury exposure
such as amalgam fillings, in addition to accumulating in the brain, CNS, and
hormone glands,
mercury also bioaccumulates in the
heart(59,85,205,348). Significant
levels are able to cross the blood brain barrier, placenta, and also cellular
membranes into major organs such as the heart since the oxidation rate of Hg0
though relatively fast is slower than the time required by pumped blood to
reach these organs(290,370). Thus the level in the
brain and heart is higher after exposure to Hg vapor than for other forms(360,370). The
upper level of mercury exposure recommended by the German Commission on Human Biomonitoring is 10 micrograms per liter in the blood, but
adverse effects such as
increases in blood pressure and cognitive effects have been
documented as low as 1 ug/L cord blood, with impacts
higher in low birth weight babies(308) and
commonly in adults with levels below 10 ug/l(540).
IV.
Effects of Mercury Exposure on the Cardiovascular System
Mercury vapor is lipid soluble and
has an affinity for red blood cells and CNS cells(21a).
Both mercury and methyl mercury have been shown to cause depletion of
calcium from the heart muscle and to inhibit myosin ATPase
activity by 50% at 30 ppb(59), as well as reducing
NK-cells in the blood and spleen.
The interruption of the ATP energy chemistry results in high levels of porphyrins in the urine(260) and
stresses the major organs. The fractionated porphyrin
test is approved by the FDA for diagnosis of mercury toxicity. Mercury also inhibits aquaporin‑mediated water transport in red blood cells(479a),
and has been found to cause significant heart damage(479b). Mercury accumulates in all hormone glands and
adversely affects hormonal function, which controls all bodily processes, at
very low levels of exposure.
Na(+),K(+)-ATPase is a transmembrane protein that transports sodium and potassium
ions across cell membranes during an activity cycle that uses the energy
released by ATP hydrolysis. Mercury is
documented to inhibit Na(+),K(+)-ATPase
function at very low levels of exposure(288). Studies have found that in
patients with mucoid angiopathy,
endomyocardial fibrosis and syndrome X there was a reduction in serum magnesium
and RBC membrane Na(+)-K+ ATPase activity (263,260d) and an elevation in plasma serum digoxin. This
inhibition leads to depletion of intracellular magnesium and an increase in
intracellular calcium load. This underlying magnesium-related insulin
resistance and the consequence of this intracellular magnesium and calcium
alteration in the pathogenesis of these disorders along with the inhibition of
Na+-K+ ATPase can result in 1) defective
neurotransmitter transport mechanism, 2) neuronal degeneration and apoptosis,
3) mitochondrial dysfunction, 4) defective golgi body
function and protein processing dysfunction.
It is documented that mercury is a cause of most of these conditions
(13a,43,111,288,521b,263, etc.)
Mercury causes cardiovascular damage
and disease: including damage to vascular endothelial cells, damage to sarcoplasmic reticula, sarcolemma, and contractile proteins, increased white cell
count, decreased oxyhemoglobin level, high blood
pressure(539,541), tachycardia(539), inhibits cytochrome
P450/heme synthesis(84,35,201,538,539), increased reactive oxygen
species(13,137), and increased risk of
acute myocardial infarction
(35,59,201,202,205,212,232,306,310,351,510,50/201,308).
Studies
have demonstrated that low concentrations of mercury(HgCl2,ie,
10(-9)-10(-15) M) significantly enhanced chemiluminescence,
as well as stimulated H2O2 production by polymorphonuclear
leukocytes(137). These studies clearly demonstrate the ability of extremely low
levels of HgCl2 not only to suppress various PMN leukocyte functions involved in host
defense, but also to stimulate oxygen metabolism(137,13). In vivo, these HgCl2
effects would not only compromise host defense but also promote tissue injury
via the local production of oxygen metabolites.
This has been demonstrated increase effects of factors in cardiovascular
disease and neurological disease.
Melatonin, vitamin E, and vitamin C have been found to partially
alleviate these conditions(13a).
Mercury
has been found to accumulate in the pineal gland and reduce melatonin levels, which is thought to
be a significant factor in mercury’s toxic effects(569). Melatonin has found to
have a significant protective action against methyl mercury toxicity, likely
from antioxidative effect of melatonin on the MMC
induced toxicity(567).
Melatonin is documented to be effective at prevention of stroke and
cardiovascular damage, as well as seizures and other neurological damage in
patients that are prone to such conditions, and to be important in getting a
good nights sleep in patients with many chronic conditions, which is important
to both cardiovascular and neurological health(570).
Mercury
binds to hemoglobin oxygen binding sites in the red blood cells thus reducing
oxygen carrying capacity(232,35) and adversely affects the vascular response to norepinephrine and potassium. Mercury’s effect on pituitary
gland vasopressin is a factor in high blood pressure(35,201).
Mercury also increases cytosolic free calcium levels
in lymphocytes in a concentration-dependant manner causing influx from the
extracellular medium(270c), and blocks entry of calcium ions into the cytoplasm
(16,17,21,33,35,333), and at 100 ppb can destroy the membrane of red blood
cells(35,22,17,270c) and damage blood vessels- reducing blood supply to the
tissues (34,202,306). Amalgam fillings
have been found to be related to higher blood pressure(539,541), hemoglobin
irregularities, tachycardia(539), chest pains, etc.
(201,202,205,212,222,306,310,35,59).
Mercury also accumulates in the heart and damages myocardial and heart
valves (Turpayev,in (35)
& 59,201,205,306,351,370).
Mercury has been found to be a cause
of atherosclerosis, hypertension (539,541), and tachycardia (539)in children and adults(59,201, 205, 306,308,538,571,35) and
heart attacks in adults(59,201,310).
Thyroid imbalances, which are documented to be commonly caused by
mercury (369,382,459,35,50,91,212,10b), have been found to play a major role in chronic heart conditions such as
clogged arteries, myocardial infarction, and chronic heart failure(510). In a recent study, published in the Annals of
Internal Medicine, researchers reported that subclinical hypothyroidism is
highly prevalent in elderly women and is strongly and independently associated
with cardiac atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction(510c). People who tested hypothyroid usually have
significantly higher levels of homocysteine and
cholesterol, which are documented factors in heart disease. 50% of those testing hypothyroid, also had
high levels of homocysteine (hyperhomocysteinenic)
and 90% were either hyperhomocystemic or hypercholesterolemic(510a). These are also known factors in developing atherosclerotic
vascular disease. Homocysteine levels are significantly increased in
hypothyroid patients and normalize with treatment(510efg,511).
Studies have also established a connection between subclinical maternal thyroid disease and babies born with
heart(509g), brain and neurological effects(509a-f), kidney defects,etc. Mercury reduces the bloods ability to
transport oxygen to fetus and transport of essential nutrients including amino
acids, glucose, magnesium, zinc and Vit B12 (43,55,96,198,263,264,338,339,
347,427); depresses enzyme isocitric dehydrogenase (ICD) in fetus, causes reduced iodine uptake
, autoimmune thyroiditis, & hypothyroidism. (50,91,212,222,369,382,459,35).
Another study(59) found such impairment of neutrophils
by mercury decreases the body’s ability to combat viruses or bacteria such as
those that cause heart damage, resulting in more inflammatory damage. Clinical experience has found that mercury
exposure increases susceptibility to pathogen infections, including those that
adversely affect the heart(303), and that such
infections cannot be controlled of eliminated without reducing mercury levels. Another way that mercury may cause
cardiovascular conditions is through its adverse effects on gum disease, which
is known to cause inflammation and increased levels of C-reactive protein(576). C-reactive protein is a known marker for
increased cardiovascular damage and disease(561), along
with fibrinogen and albumin. Researchers at Duke
University Medical Center have discovered that otherwise healthy
people who are prone to anger, hostility and mild to moderate depressive
symptoms produce higher levels of C-reactive protein, a substance that promotes
cardiovascular disease and stroke(562). Mercury is documented to be a common cause of
anger, hostility, depression, and anxiety(564).
There are extensive documented cases
(many thousands) where removal of amalgam fillings and/or mercury detoxification
led to cure or significant improvement of serious health problems such as tachycardia and heart problems
(205,35,59,94,115,212,222,232,233,271,306,310,539,541,571) ,blood and
circulatory conditions (212,222,232,233,271,523,35,95).
V. Other factors in Cardiovascular
Disease and Beneficial Treatments
Fish oil (DHA,EPA),
DHEA, and vitamin K have been documented to suppress inflammatory cytokines, TNFa, Il-1b, and Il-6, reducing inflammatory effects (580).
Green tea, ginkgo biloba, garlic, vitamin E, vitamin
A, nattokinase, L-carnitine,
hawthorn, and beta-carotene have been found to lower fibrinogen levels and lower
cardiovascular risk levels (580,581). Excess homocysteine
blocks the natural breakdown of fibrinogen. Elevated homocysteine
can be reduced through the remethylation process
[tri-methyl glycine(TMG), vitamin B12, folic acid] or the trans-sulfuration process(vitamin B6). Methionine
is the only amino acid that creates homocystiene, so
people who eat a lot of methionine foods such as red
meat, chicken, dairy products need more vitamin B6. The level of supplementation can be
determined by blood tests to see if risk factors are under control. In people with elevated fibrinogen levels,
high levels of fish or olive oil and vitamin C (=>2000 mg) have been found
to break down excess fibrinogen levels (580). Vitamin C, hawthorn, and CoQ10 have also been
found to be effective in reducing the effects of congestive heart failure(CHF) and other types of cardiovascular conditions.
Ginger appears to increase the contractile strength of the heart and to
increase ATP energy production in the heart. (580) Studies have found that policosanol
supplemenatation decreases LDL cholesterol and
increases HDL. Choline,
lecithin, and creatine have been found to have
beneficial effects on cholesterol levels.
Padma Basic is a combination of many of these
natural substances that has been found to be effective at reducing factors
involved in cardiovascular disease(581).
Hyperinsulinemia
is extremely common, especially in overweight individuals, and a significant
factor in cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. (580) High insulin levels deplete glucose
levels in the blood, causing”reactive hypoglycemia”
which prevents breakdown of fat cells . This can bring about a condition where
the individual is constantly “hungry”(low in blood
glucose) making it difficult to lose weight.
Consuming foods high in glycemic index is a
factor in this. Studies indicate that attention should be given to consuming
foods primarily low in glycemic index and regular
exercise. Low testosterone level in men
has also been found to be a risk factor of cardiovascular disease, causing
higher levels of cholesterol, fibrinogen, triglycerides, and insulin, along
with abdominal fat increases, human growth hormone decreases, blood pressure
increase. (580) DHEA is a precurser hormone of testosterone produced by the adrenal
glands. Low levels of DHEA have been to be significantly related to heart disease.
Thrombosis causes can include
atherosclerosis; injury to endothelial cells lining the heart, arteries, veins;
blood hypercoagulability, excess fibrinogen, excess
platelet aggregation (580,581). As
previously noted mercury and toxic metals can be a factor in some of these
conditions and improvement commonly occurs after treatment for mercury
toxicity. For cardiovascular conditions related to atherosclerosis, etc. EDTA chelation has been found to usually be a safe and
significantly beneficial treatment (585)
Aspirin or
blood thinning drugs are often used to reduce platelet aggregation to prevent
thrombosis or strokes. Polycosanol, aged garlic, and
niacin have been found to improve cholesterol balance safely and can be
beneficial in alleviating or preventing cardiovascular disease. (580) Natural platelet aggregation inhibitors
include ginkgo biloba, EFAs, Vitamin E (tocopherol). Anti-Inflammatories that have been found beneficial include: curcumin, DHEA, Nettle leaf. Antioxidants that have been found beneficial
in thrombosis prevention include quercetin, green
tea, lycopene, grape juice. N-acetyl-L-cysteine, onions, and exercise have also been found
beneficial (580).
Other
factors that have been found to be significantly associated with cardiovascular
disease include daily consumption of soda drinks, diet drinks, fried foods, or
a “Western Diet” high in
fried foods, refined grains, fast foods, soda, etc. and low in
fruits and vegetables(590). These diet patterns all have been found to be
significantly associated with metabolic syndrome, a cluster of cardiovascular disease and diabetes risk factors
including elevated waist circumference, high blood pressure, elevated
triglycerides, low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL or
"good") cholesterol, clogged arteries, and high fasting
glucose levels. The presence of three or more of the factors increases a
person's risk of developing diabetes and cardiovascular disease. An elevated hemoglobin HbA1c level has been
found to increase risk of cardiovascular related problems and deaths, and this
test can be useful in assessing risk.(580) Avoiding processed food and food
cooked at high temperatures, and consuming nutrients that block damaging glycation reactions such as carnosine,
benfotaine, and pridoxamine
reduce A1c levels.
Higher levels of vit
D reduce heart attacks and strokes, and supplementation with Ginko Biloba may also reduce strokes
(580) and improve recovery. EGCG extract
from green tea or theaflavins from black tea have
also been shown to have a significant protective effect in reducing
inflammation and preventing cardiovascular disease(580).
Studies have shown theaflavin supplementation significantly reduces levels of
inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha, Il-6, Il-8, and C-reactive protein;
and lowered rates of production of inflammation-generating trasnscription
factor NF-kB, cytokine generating COX-2, and the
adhesion molecule ICAM-1. Theaflavin supplementation
or drinking multiple cups of tea has also been found to have beneficial effects
to prevention of ischemia-reperfusion injury following strokes as well as in
reduction of LDL cholesterol and endothelial vasomotor dysfunction in patients
with coronary artery disease (580).
Normal aging usually involves
calcification in soft tissues throughout the body, such as heart valves,
glands, and blood vessels. A calcium
deficient diet increases such calcification. Atherosclerosis is the leading
cause of disability and death. Homocysteine or oxidized LDL cholesterol are two factors
that increase such damage. Studies show that insufficient vitamin K2
accelerates arterial calcification and vitamin K2 supplementation can reverse
such arterial calcification(580).
References
(10)
Maine Dept. of Environmental Protection, 2006, www.maine.gov/dep/air/toxics/mercury.htm; & Dr Klaus Toepfer, executive director, United Nations
Environment Programme(UNEP), Mercury Health Effects More Widespread than
Previously Believed, 4 February, 2003, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2722629.stm
; & Univ. of Minnesota,
Environmental and Occupational Health, http://www1.umn.edu/eoh/hazards/hazardssite/mercury/merchealtheffects.html
(13)(a)
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Contact person:
Bernard Windham,
President & Research Director, DAMS Intl 12164 Whitehouse Rd, Tallahassee, Fl 32317
www.flcv.com/dams.html & berniew1@embarqmail.com